138 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[April, 
horse will have traveled considerably beyond 
the stump, and therefore considerably further 
than the distance the log has been moved. The 
gain in power will be proportionate to the ex¬ 
cess of distance traveled. 
In fig. 2 the position of the pulley is changed, 
and it is evident that when the log has been drawn 
lip to the slump, the horse will merely change 
Fig. 3. —BADLY RIGGED PULLEY. 
places with it, and will travel exactly the same 
distance through which the log lias been moved. 
There is now an actual loss of power equal to 
that which is necessary to draw the rope through 
the pulley. It may then be taken as a rule 
when the horse travels in a direction towards 
the object drawn by means of a single pulley, 
power is lost; and whenever it travels away 
from the object drawn, or in the same direction 
in which it is moved, power is gained. This is 
an important thing to learn now that hay is un¬ 
loaded so generally by horse-forks and pulleys. 
It is not difficult to stall a horse with a forkful 
of hay. 150 pounds is as much as a horse in 
general can elevate theoretically; and practi¬ 
cally, less than this amount can be raised by a 
horse moving three miles tin hour. Now, if the 
pulleys are so arranged that power is lost, less 
than 100 pounds of hay on a fork will be too 
much for a small horse. But let the pulleys be 
Fig. 4. — PROPERLY RIGGED PULLEY. 
properly arranged, and he will raise double this 
quantity. The advantage then is obvious. 
Fig. 3 shows the ordinary way of using the 
pulleys in unloading hay. If they are arranged 
as in fig. 4. the horse can do double duty, with 
the expenditure of very little more time. 
In the use of such methods we bring our 
heads to t he help of our hands, and make a little 
thought do the work of much muscle. 
Scab in Sheep. 
At this season of the year sheep are often af¬ 
fected by scab. It is a highly contagious dis¬ 
ease, and rapidly spreads through a flock. Its 
presence may be perceived by the wool becom¬ 
ing loose in patches, a constant irritation of the 
skin, causing the sheep to be continually rub¬ 
bing itse’f against fences, posts, or walls. The 
skill is red and inflamed, and very often broken 
by the efforts of the sheep to alleviate the itch¬ 
ing. The disease is caused by a very small in¬ 
sect which burrow's beneath the skin, and rapid¬ 
ly increases its progeny, which spread until 
large patches of the skin are affected. Wher¬ 
ever this diseased skin is rubbed the contagion 
is conveyed, and other sheep are thus infected. 
The health of the sheep is injured in course of 
time, and if some rented}' is not applied it will 
die. There are several remedies, all of which 
are of outward application. One is tobacco- 
juice, made by boiling waste tobacco, such as 
stems or second-growth leaves, in water, until a 
strong decoction is obtained. The sheep are 
either dipped into this liquid, which is to be 
brought into contact with every part of the skin, 
or it is to be poured from the spout of a coffee-pot 
along the back and sides of the animal between 
the parted wool, until every portion is reached 
and saturated. The wool is then squeezed, and 
the excess of the liquor is gathered, to be ap¬ 
plied to another sheep. This treatment will 
kill not only scab and ticks, but it has also been 
known to kill the sheep, and therein is its chief 
disadvantage. There are other preparations 
which are even of a more poisonous character, 
but they should be avoided when there is an 
equally good one which is perfectly safe. This 
is carbolic acid in a weak solution of one part of 
commercial acid in four hundred parts of water. 
This is not poisonous, is not a painful remedy 
to the sheep, and leaves the skin and fleece in 
such a favorable condition that it pays to dip 
the slieep for its effect on the wool alone. There 
are carbolic sheep-dips already prepared for use, 
but where they can not be procured a dip may 
be made of the acid mixed with water in the 
proportions above mentioned. 
Modern Barbarisms. 
The numerous barbarous practices perpe¬ 
trated by farmers who ought to know better on 
their patient and suffering stock are amazing. 
That these cruelties are well meant, or thought¬ 
lessly and ignorantly inflicted in the attempt to 
relieve real or imaginary diseases, does not 
make them less pernicious. More amazing still 
is the fact that farmers are instructed by some 
so-called agricultural journals to practice these 
cruelties. Occasionally, cures of “ hollow- 
horn” are reported by such means as boring 
into the acutely sensitive inner part of the horn 
and inserting therein hot vinegar, salt, and pep¬ 
per. The equally imaginary “ wolf in the tail” 
is overcome by slitting that part and binding in 
the wound such an assuaging agent as salt. 
Young pigs and colts have their teeth clumsily 
knocked out or broken off, in the gratuitous 
attempt to assist nature 
in disposing of them. 
The membrane by which 
the eyeball is swept and 
cleared of foreign matters 
is cruelly cut off, when 
painfully inflamed, irrita¬ 
ted, and swollen, as a remedy for “hooks and 
haws,” and the animal is permanently deprived 
of an absolutely necessary appendage and pro¬ 
tection to an invaluable organ without any 
necessity. The remedy is worse than the disease. 
In such ways as these utterly useless cruelty 
is inflicted, because there is no connection be¬ 
tween the supposed disease and the mistaken 
treatment. But in cases where animals are 
really laboring under disease, the treatment 
recommended is often equally cruel and bar¬ 
barous. For instance, a widely published remedy 
for “grub in the head” in sheep is to pour tur¬ 
pentine into the ear or inject it into the nostrils. 
In the one case it is absurd as well as cruel, for 
the ear has no connection with the seat of the 
trouble; and in the other it is too cruel and 
barbarous a remedy to adopt, because there are 
others equally effective which are not produc¬ 
tive of intense agony to the already suffering 
animal. Tobacco smoke blown into tlie sheep’s 
nostrils will serve to cause the ejection of these 
grubs if any exist,” but in many cases, if not 
the vast majority of them, the grubs have only 
an assumed existence, and the trouble arises 
from causes which are intensified by the in¬ 
tended remedy. If farmers desiring to treat 
their animals would but use some common- 
sense, and, putting themselves in their place, 
consider how the remedies they propose to use 
would affect themselves, less of this thoughtless 
cruelty would occur. 
Modern surgery is full of expedients to alle¬ 
viate pain in the treatment of suffering humanity, 
and the practice of medicine is no longer as 
“heroic” as formerly; but unfortunately for 
our suffering animals, humanity has hardly yet 
been deemed worthy of consideration in reliev¬ 
ing their pains, even when they are unavoidably 
inflicted; but how much less is it an item of 
consideration when quackery and ignorance 
undertake to cure complaints which have no 
existence! 
Three Horses to a Wagon. 
We are requested to give a plan whereby three 
horses may be hitched abreast to a wagon. In 
Fig. 1. —HITCHING THREE HORSES. 
response, we give engravings of arrangements 
of single and double trees by which this may be 
done, also of the method of arranging the lines 
for driving a three-horse team. The plan of 
using three horses abreast to a wagon has some 
advantages, especially on a farm or a country 
road. In fact, it has been found useful in the 
streets of a city,' and we remember having seen 
some years since the omnibuses in the city of 
London drawn in this manner, and the team 
handled in those crowded streets with the great- 
Fig. 2. —SINGLE AND DOUBLE TREES FOR THREE HORSES. 
