f 1873.] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
139 
j est facility, where any other way of using three 
i horses would have been inconvenient or impos¬ 
sible. Two poles or tongues are needed ; the 
middle horse goes between them, with one on 
i each side. 
C o m m o n 
neck - yokes 
or neck- 
straps are 
used, and 
the double- 
tree is made pjg g— three horses abreast. 
to carry 
three single-trees, one at each end and one at 
the center. The center one is attached by a 
clevis which fits on to the draft-bolt of the double- 
tree, as shown in figure 1. The traces are ar¬ 
ranged so that each horse draws on two single- 
trees. The nigh horse’s traces are hitched to 
the outside end of the nigh single-tree and the 
nigh end of the center one The middle horse 
is hitched to the inside ends of the outside single¬ 
trees, and the off horse is hitched to the off ends 
of the center and the off side single-trees. The 
diagram fig. 1 shows the arrangement. Figures 
2 and 3 show other arrangements of single-trees 
which may be adapted to wagons or plows. 
The arrangement of the lines is shown at fig. 4. 
- - — ■ 
The Earl of Warwick’s Sewage Farm. 
BY COL QBORGB B WARING, JR., OP OGDEN PAR*. 
Tiie sewage question has for many years en¬ 
gaged much attention in England. How to 
prevent the waste of towns from polluting rivers 
which run past other towuis in their course was 
the first consideration; howto turn the waste 
to profitable account as manure, the second. 
Many attempts have been made to use the 
land as a purifying agent, and to convert the 
matters withdrawn by it from the sewage 
into a useful form as constituents of crops. 
Most of these attempts failed to accomplish 
what was expected of them. They generally 
cost more than they came to, and the problem 
is as yet by no means solved. In a few cases 
satisfactory results have been secured. 
Lord Warwick’s Sewage Farm at Leamington 
seems eminently successful. It lies about two 
miles from the city of Leamington, and at a 
somewhat higher level. The population is 
22,000, and the amount of sewage produced 
amounts to from 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallons 
per day, according to weather, or from 2,000 to 
4,000 tons. For this, Lord Warwick pays $750 
per annum, engages to take all produced, and I 
to deliver it as pure water into the river Avon. 
The sewage is forced by steam through an 
iron pipe from the outlet of the town sewers to 
a reservoir at the highest and most remote 
point of the farm. The reservoir holds only 
one day’s sewage. At intervals along the course 
of the main pipe screw-valves allow the stream 
to be diverted at pleasure. When the pumps 
are working, the flow is from the town ; when 
not, from the reservoir. The land is undulating, 
and has been underdrained with tiles. The soil 
is a porous loam, with a heavier subsoil. The 
farm contains 400 acres. From the line of iron 
pipe, earthenware pipes (8-inch diameter), with 
cemented joints, lead to the highest points of 
the different fields or sections of the farm, deliv¬ 
ering the sewage where it can’ be conveniently 
conducted away by surface gutters. These run 
along the crests of the slopes, with branch fur¬ 
rows for distribution overtheland. The stream 
is allowed to run first to the lowest part of the 
field, where it overflows the furrow and spreads 
over the land below. When this portion is 
saturated, a wrouglit-iron gate (with 2 handles) 
is struck into the furrow, and the sewage, 
dammed back, overflows the next higher part of 
the ground. When all lying below the lowest 
furrow has been irrigated, a gate is set in the 
main furrow just below the next lateral one 
above; then the slope below this is treated as 
the first, one was, and the water is stopped at. the 
next lateral above. The arrangement is per¬ 
fectly simple and no skilled labor is required. 
The cost of all pipes and fixtures (not includ¬ 
ing the draining) was $30 per acre for the 
whole farm—$12,000 in all. The only manure 
used, excepting the large amount made on the 
place, is brought to the farm and distributed 
over it by this apparatus, which is managed by 
a part of the labor of one man. 
The crops are Italian rve-grass, mangolds, 
wheat, and clover or beans. The yield is mar¬ 
velous—especially of the rye-grass. In 1872, 
this was cut 7 times. The growth was about 
1 inch per day during the summer, and about 
18 feet aggregate in the whole season. 
The first cutting was begun March 12th, and 
the last one was finished in the last week of 
November. The average over 40 acres was 55 
tons —equal to about 10 tons of cured hay—per 
acre. Of course such a quantity of such succu¬ 
lent grass could not be cured, and its daily con¬ 
sumption, as fast as cut, was imperative. This 
40 acres of grass furnished the entire fodder of 
40 large grade Shorthorn cows and 12 ponder¬ 
ous English cart-horses from March 12th to the 
end of November, and a surplus was sold for cash 
amounting to $2,500. 
The farm is well managed, by Mr. Tough, a 
capital Scotch farmer, and it is, both naturally 
and artificially, a good farm. I counted 22 
stacks of wheat valued at about $500 per stack, 
and the clumps of mangold looked to be inter¬ 
minable. I had no means of learning the cost 
of carrying on the establishment, but there was 
no evidence of extravagant outlay in any form. 
Everything was plain, strong, and business-like. 
The stock consisted of the 40 cows for milk-sell¬ 
ing, as many young grade Shorthorns, a few 
sheep, and the working horses. 
The attention of people who “don’t believe 
in high farming” is called to the summing up 
of the result of farming these 400 acres, under 
what is probably the highest system known: 
After making good its stock (breeding animals 
to take the place of those sold or worn out) the 
gross annual sales are £6,000 or $30,000. 
Seventy-five dollars an acre from simple farm¬ 
ing of the best sort, in a neighborhood where 
the best farms, fully equipped with all '’at, a 
landlord is expected to furnish, rent, for $12 per 
acre! Comment is unnecessary, 
Eish-Oil and Scrap Business, 
To persons passing through Groton and Sto- 
nington on the Shore Line Railroad, and seeing 
the rough pastures strewn with granite boulders, 
it may seem strange that the people are not all 
in the poor-house. But the riches of the sea 
.more than compensate for the roughness of the 
land. One great source of their wealth is the 
Menhaden or Bony-fish, that swarm along the 
shores from May until October. There are seven 
companies, employing 14 gangs of men, on the 
shore between Stonington and New London, 
engaged in the fish-oil and scrap business. They 
have caught the past season 40,800,000 fish, 
which yielded about 142,000 gallons of oil, worth 
about $64,000, and 4,080 tons of scrap, worth 
about $49,000. This makes $113,000 distri¬ 
buted along twelve miles of the shore of Fisher’s 
Island Sound, from a single industry. The 
business gives employment to over 200 persons 
at the factories, and indirectly to as many more, 
besides the business of freighting the products. 
There are about 60 boats, large and small, en¬ 
gaged in the catching, varying from 35 tons 
burden to the small seine-boat of two or three 
tons. The fourteen gangs of fishermen require 
each a new seine every year, costing $500 io 
$ 800, or from $7,000 to $12,000 for this one item. 
The boats and sails have to be renewed 
occasionally, so that the business is not all profit. 
At the Quinnipiac works a superphosphate is 
made, but most of the companies sell their scrap 
in the raw state, just as it leaves the press. It 
is kept in large piles under cover, until winter 
and spring. A great deal of it is carted in bulk 
directly from the factories to the farms where it 
is to be used, within a distance of six or eight 
miles. Some goes to the manufacturers of con¬ 
centrated fertilizers in the cities, and the rest is 
bagged and barreled for the general market. 
Large quantities are sold to the tobacco farmers 
up the valley of the Connecticut, and this fertil¬ 
izer is one sccretof the large growth of the fra¬ 
grant weed in that region. It makes a very 
important addition to the fertilizers of the Nut¬ 
meg State, and is altogether the cheapest ma¬ 
nure in the market. On the whole, the “ testi¬ 
mony of the rocks ” is to be received with certain 
grains of allowance. The prospect of the alms¬ 
house for these men is not very brilliant. 
Connecticut, 
Corn-Planting. 
Somebody lias said that “ the corn crop must 
always be the sheet-anchor of American farm¬ 
ing.” Although there is something of a “ bull” 
in this remark, yet the idea conveyed by it is 
perfectly true. However w 7 e may arrange our 
rotation, wdi'ether we grow roots or not, the 
corn crop must always come in to start on. 
Then it follows that we must learn how to make 
the most of it. The old plan of putting in this 
crop will not pay any longer. The Indian and 
the backwoodsman’s style figured by our artist 
in this page, belongs to a day that has long 
since departed. Yet these obsolete styles of 
corn-planting still linger in places where new 
ideas have not yet penetrated, wdiere*for in¬ 
stance, the Agriculturist is not a family institu¬ 
tion. And although the clam-shell with which 
