160 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[August 17, 1893. 
Improving Xlght Soil—Pear Iieaves Browned (^F, M. 31 .').— 
If the clay can be dried and smashed into small particles it could be the 
better incorporated with the light soil of your garden, and would 
undoubtedly improve it. We have not found raw lumps of much 
immediate advantage. Clay sufficiently burned to be easily pulverised 
is especially valuable for mixing with light soil for fruit trees, and 
indeed all kinds of crops. The Pear leaves have the appearance of an 
attack by slug-worms, but they have not cleared away, as usual, the 
whole of the soft substance of the leaf, so that the veins and the skin 
of the lower side are all that remain ; indeed, the leaf surface is almost 
entire, but discoloured, and there are only traces of slug-worm attack 
here and there on the upper surface. This may be due to the unusual 
hardness of the epidermal tissues. It is remarkable, however, that 
there is not further indications of such attacks. There is no trace of 
fungal affection, and we think the discolouration of the leaves is due to 
the slug-worm, the pest having collapsed in its early stages, but not 
before it had injured the leaves. 
Tlie White Beam Tree (^1. I .).—No doubt you refer to the 
Pyrus Aria of botanists, and which is commonly known as the White 
Beam Tree, in reference to the white under surface of the leaves. It 
is a native of Britain, chiefly in the mountainous districts on limestone 
soils. Its fruit is acid and astringent, but is not disagreeable to eat 
when in a state of incipient decay, like the Medlar. When dried and 
reduced to powder it has been converted into a sort of bread during 
times of scarcity both in France and Sweden; and when fermented it 
forms a beer, or, by distillation, a powerful spirit. It is greedily eaten 
by birds, for which reason the trees are ordered to be preserved in 
French forests, that the number of birds may be increased, in order to 
keep down the insects. The fruit also furnishes food to squirrels, and 
when it drops, deer and the hedgehog eat it with avidity. The wood is 
very hard, of a fine close grain, yellowish white, and susceptible of a 
high polish. It may be stained of any colour, and is much used in 
making handles of knives and forks, wooden spoons, and for musical 
instruments, and various articles of turneryware. 
Iilllums Unsatisfactory (^E. IF.).—The buds are destroyed by the 
same cause as the leaves, but some of the buds have had their stalks 
gnawed by a weevil, which would probably be found by examining 
the plants at night with a lantern. The discoloured leaves are due to 
bacteria generally, but there are traces of another infection, viz., that of a 
fungus, which is certainly not the cause, but the consequence of the 
diseased tissues, for it only lives on those which have been disorganised 
by the bacteria. This parasite is embedded in the cells and sets up a 
ferment, completely destroying them and leaving its spores attached to 
the walls of the cells. The fungus comes after the bacterial attack, and 
is confined mainly to the upper surface of the leaves, as in attacks by 
eelworm. We were unable to identify the species, which is different to 
the micro-organism producing wet rot in Potatoes, and the ferment is 
very much less. The fungus germs are those of Polyactis cana. Try 
spraying with Bordeaux mixture early another season to prevent the 
attacks. We suspect the plants which had been grown to a height of 
18 inches under glass before being planted out in May would receive a 
check, as their tissues would be necessarily tender, and any injury, 
though not perceived at the time, would render them liable to parasitic 
attack. 
Tomato Beaves Diseased (IF. D.).—The yellow spots in the 
leaves indicate the abstraction of the contents of the cells by the 
mycelium of a fungus (Phytophthora infestans), and its “ fruits ” are 
just emerging from the under side of the leaves. They are as yet 
immature on the yellowish parts, while those on the brown portions 
have been developed and the spores scattered. The best thing to do is 
to remove all the leaves or leaflets exhibiting yellow spots and burn 
them, also every part that has become brown or black, then spray the 
plants with Bordeaux mixture prepared as follows : sulphate of copper 
4 ozs., powdered, dissolving in a vessel by itself in 3^ gallons of water, 
then slake 4 ozs. of quicklime (quite fresh) in another vessel, and form 
into a thin limewash with water, and pour it through a hair sieve slowly 
into the vessel containing the copper solution, adding enough water to 
make 1\ gallons altogether. To make sure that this will not injure the 
plants drop a few drops of ferrocyanide of potassium into the Bordeaux 
mixture after it has been well stirred, and if it turns brown it will 
injure the plants, but if it remain a clear celestial blue it is perfectly 
safe. It should be used as soon as made, not letting it stand for several 
hours. Any fruits near ripening should be cut, and then spray the 
plants in every part, repeating in the course of a week or ten days. 
The mixture may be kept from the fruit by wrapping it in oilskin before 
spraying, removing it afterwards. This makes safety doubly sure as 
regards danger in using the fruit from the adherent copper. Maintain a 
dry atmosphere with free ventilation, 
NTames of Fruits.— Notice .—Special attention is directed to the 
following decision, the object of which is to discourage the growth of 
inferior and promote the culture of superior varieties. In conseqmnce 
of the large numier of worthless Apples and Pears se7it to this office to 
he named, it has heen decided to name only specimens and varieties of 
approved merit, and to reject the inferior, which are not worth sending 
or growing. The names and addresses of senders of fruit to be named 
must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether letters 
referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are not 
necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only six 
specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cannot 
be preserved. (^Lover of Fruit). —Pears—1, Jargonelle ; 2, Not ripe. 
probably Louise Bonne of Jersey. {^George Pennill). — 4, Beurr6 
Glaiigeau ; 5, Williams’ Bon Chretien ; 6, Windsor. The Apples are 
deformed or defective, and cannot be identified. (6*. C .).—As has been 
many times stated, Plums cannot be named without portions of young 
wood with leaves accompany the fruit. (IF. G. J.). —The Apple is 
either a local seedling or a continental variety, and has no recognised 
name on our list. {II, D.). —Thb Plum is probably Pond’s Seedling, bub 
young shoots with leaves are necessary for satisfactory identification, 
(IF. S. Payne). —16, Allen’s Everlasting; 48, Longville's Kernel ; 60, 
Whorle Pippin; 71, Golden Eeinette. {A. H. Lawrence). —1, Lord 
Suffield ; 2, Perhaps Gloria Mundi distorted ; 3, Possibly a small Domino; 
4 and 5, New Hawthornden ; 6, Winter Majetin. (J. T. Bare ).—You 
ought to have informed us if the flowers of the Nectarine are large or 
small. If they are small it is Stanwick Blruge. {H. MI ).—The Pear is 
a good example of Williams’ Bon Chretien, The Apple cannot be 
identified. 
Wames of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, 
dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at 
once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
{II. E. 31.). —The specimen arrived in a very defective state. It is 
possibly Dimorphanthus mandchuricus, which sometimes produces 
leaves 4 feet to 5 feet. Very ornamental in shrubberies. {G. F. S.). — 
Monarda didyma (Bergamot). {G. A.),—The specimens are quite 
insufficient for identification. The habits of such plants should be 
clearly described, and better examples packed to arrive in a fresh state 
for purposes of nomenclature. {C. F.). —CEnothera macrocarpa. 
{G. A).~l, Davallia canariensis ; 2, D. decora; 3, Acrophorus affine; 
4, Adiantum Weigandi; 5, A. elegans ; 6, Cornus sanguineus. 
OOYENT GARDEN MARKET.— AuauST 16 th. 
Large supplies, readily changing hands at low rates. 
FRUIT, 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Apples, per bushel 
* 
1 
0 to 6 
0 
Grapes per lb. 
0 
9 
to 2 
0 
„ Tasmanian,per case 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lemons, case . 
10 
0 
15 
0 
„ Nova Scotia, 
brl. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges, per 100 ., .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cherries, half sieve .. 
. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches, per doz. 
1 
6 
8 
0 
Cobs . 
25 
0 
0 
0 
Plums, per half sieve .. 
1 
G 
2 
6 
Filberts, per 100 lbs. 
25 
0 
0 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each .. 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Gooseberries, half sieve 
•• 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Strawberries, per lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Asparagus, per bundle 
, 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
Mustard and Cress, punnet 
0 
2 
to 0 
0 
Beaus, Kidney, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Onions, bunch . 
0 
3 
0 
5 
Beet, Red, dozen ., .. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches ,. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Carrots, bunch .. ., 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Parsnips, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
2 
0 
4 
s 
Celery, bundle .. ,, 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Salsafy, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
b 
Ooleworts, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Soorzonera, bundle .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Cucumbers, dozen .. 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Seakale, per basket .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen .. .. 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Herbs, bunch .. ,, 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel. 
8 
0 
0 
0 
Leeks, bunch ., .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Lettuce, dozen .. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Turnips, bunch. 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Mushrooms, punnet .. 
.. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE PRICES.—OUT FLOWERS. 
Orchid Blooms in variety. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d 
8. 
d. 
s. 
a. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 to 
4 
0 
Marguerites, 12 bunches ,. 2 
0 to 4 
(> 
Asters (French), per bunch 
0 
9 
1 
3 
Mignonette, 12 bunches .. 2 
0 
4 
0 
„ (English) doz. bches. 
3 
0 
5 
0 
Myosotis, dozen bunches .. 1 
6 
3 
0 
Bouvardias, bunch .. ,. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Orchids, per dozen blcoms 3 
0 
12 
6 
Carnations, 12 blooms 
0 
6 
2 
0 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 6 
0 
9 
0 
Carnations, dozen bunches 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
bunches.3 
0 
6 
0 
bunches .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Primula (double) 12 sprays 0 
6 
1 
0 
Chrysanthemums, doz. bis. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Pyrethrum, dozen bunches 2 
0 
6 
0 
Cornflower, dozen bunches. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Roses (indoor), dozen .. 0 
6 
1 
6 
Eucharis, dozen. 
1 
6 
4 
0 
„ Red, doz. bunches .. 4 
0 
6 
0 
Gardenias, per dozen 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ Tea, white, dozen .. 1 
0 
2 
0 
Lilium lancifolium, dozen 
„ Yellow, dozen .. .. 2 
0 
4 
0 
blooms . 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Stocks, dozen bunches . . 4 
0 
8 
0 
Lilium longiflorum 12 
Sweet Peas, doz. bunches.. 2 
0 
4 
0 
blooms . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Sweet Sultan, per dozen 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
bunches.3 
0 
4 
0 
bunches. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms. . .. 0 
4 
0 
6 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
Arbor Vitse (golden) dozen 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Hydrangea, per dozen .. 12 
Oto 24 
0 
Aspidistra, per dozen 
18 
0 
36 
0 
Ivy Geraniums . 4 
0 
6 
0 
Aspidistra, specimen plant 
5 
0 
10 
6 
Lilium lancifolium per doz. 12 
0 
18 
0 
Balsams, per dozen .. .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Lilium Harrissi, per dozen 12 
0 
24 
0 
Campanula, per dozen 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Lobelia, per doz . 3 
0 
6 
0 
Dracaena terminalis, per 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 3 
0 
4 
0 
dozen . 
18 
0 
42 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 6 
0 
12 
0 
Dracaena viridis, dozen .. 
9 
0 
24 
0 
Mignonette, per doz. 4 
0 
6 
0 
Euonvmus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Myrtles, dozen.6 
0 
9 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Palms, in var.. each .. ,. 1 
„ (specimens) .. ..21 
0 
15 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0 
18 
0 
0 
63 
0 
Ferns (smaU) pr r liundred 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pelargoniums, per dozen.. 6 
0 
12 
0 
Ficus elastica. each .. 
1 
6 
7 
6 
„ scarlet,per dozen.. 3 
0 
6 
0 
Foliage plants, var., each., 
Fuchsia, per dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
Petunia, per dozen .. ,. 6 
0 
9 
0 
5 
0 
9 
0 
Rhodanthe, per dozen ,. 4 
0 
6 
0 
