460 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ November 16, 1893. 
PLANTS 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Arbor Vitae (golden) dozen 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Aspidistra, per dozen 
18 
0 
36 
0 
Aspidistra, specimen plant 
5 
0 
10 
6 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
„ large plants, each 
Dracaena terminalis, x)er 
1 
0 
2 
0 
dozen. 
18 
0 
42 
0 
Dracaena viridis, dozen .. 
9 
0 
24 
0 
Ericas, per dozen .. .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Euonvmus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
6 
0 
24 
0 
4 
0 
18 
0 
IN POTS. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Ferns (small'i per hundred 
4 
0 
to 6 
0 
Ficus eiastica, each .. .. 
1 
0 
7 
6 
Foliage plants, var., each.. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
Lilium Harrissi, per dozen 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Mignonette, per doz. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Myrtles, dozen . 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Palmis, in var., each .. .. 
1 
0 
15 
0 
„ (specimens) .. .. 
21 
0 
63 
0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
2 
0 
0 
0 
Solanums, per dozen.. .. 
9 
0 
12 
0 
PROFITABLE LIVE STOCK. 
In a herd of cows selection and judicious breeding are the 
chief factors in obtaining really superior animals. See what 
they have done among the Shorthorns, Herefords, Devons, and 
Black-polled breeds for the production of beef, and among Channel 
Island cattle, Ayrshires, Red Polls, the Kerries, the cross breds— 
aye and also among the Shorthorns, for the production of milk, 
butter, and cheese. Given careful selection, it really becomes 
very much a local matter of ways and means. It is not every 
man that can afford to indulge in the purchase of pedigree stock 
from a herd of high repute, but by being on the alert to 
purchase really good stock as opportunity offers the herd 
improves slowly but surely, becoming increasingly valuable and 
profitable year by year. Twice recently have we been shown 
the cow of its particular locality, one of them in Leicestershire, 
the other in Derbyshire. Both were remarkable for their 
regular yield of an exceptionally large quantity of rich milk. 
Such cows but too often are regarded as curiosities, without any 
thought being given to the possibility of herds of them being 
got together by selection and breeding. It is in this matter that 
a few thoughtful men of more than average intelligence 
combined with energy and steady perseverance excel. They 
never let any chance of obtaining such cows pass by, are will¬ 
ing to pay something extra for their fancy, and then take 
good care to turn them to full account. 
In the report of a “Typical Farm in Cheshire and North 
Wales ” in the last number of the Royal Journal, there are some 
interesting facts about the herds of cows kept by the Cheshire 
dairy farmers. Most of them evidently give preference to a 
cross between Shorthorns and Welsh, due attention being given 
in the crossing to the selection of the progeny of deep milkers. 
In only one instance is there mention of a cross between Ayr¬ 
shires and Shorthorns carefully selected for the last twenty-one 
years. This was at Spurstow Hall, Tarporley, the farm of 
Messrs. David Byrd & Son, whose herd of 109 milking cows 
is a fine one, well fed, well cared for, and deep milkers. This 
herd is so well managed that we give some further particulars 
of it taken from the report. The practice of the farm is to 
sell the milk from the whole of the cows during the six or 
seven autumn and winter months of the year, and to convert 
it into cheese the remainder of the time. About eight cows go 
to each milker. Each cow’s milk is weighed once a week. The 
milk is strained outside the dairy and conducted by an open 
trough into the milk vat, thus preventing any ingress by the 
milkers into the dairy. After cheese-making the whey stands 
for two days; the cream is then skimmed off by hand and 
churned into whey butter. The whey is afterwards carried by 
a pipe to a cistern in the piggeries and pumped therefrom into 
the pig troughs. The dairy, although adjoining, is distinct 
from the house. 
The account kept by Messrs. Byrd is equally instructive. 
Here is part of it for last year. 
DAIRY PRODUCE 1892 FROM 104 COWS. 
475 lbs. butter at lljd. 
37 calves sold. 
30 „ reared . 
26,175f galls, of milk sold . 
Less freight. 
31,353 galls, ot milk made into 459 cheeses 
= 12 tons 3 cwt. 0 qr. 29 lbs. (121 lbs. 
to cwt) = 553J galls, per cow, 2 cwt. 
1 qr. 22^ lbs. cheese. 
Whey, 17s. per cow. 
Total. 
Average 
per cow. Total. 
£ 
s. 
d. 
£ 
s. 
d. 
£ 
s. 
d. 
0 
4 
4 
22 
15 
H 
24 
45 
14 
0 
J! 
0 
13 
9| 
69 
14 
4 
938 
18 
10 
135 
1 
1 
7 
14 
n 
803 
; 17 
9 
7 12 
li 
794 16 
9 
0 17 
0 
88 8 
0 
£17 1 10^ 
£1779 12 
OJ 
The average for the thirteen years, 1880 to 1892, was 
£18 17s. lOd. per cow, and the falling off in 1892 was attributed 
to the unfavourable season. It would be curious to see how 
the average of the current year is affected by the drought. The 
' bulls appear to be especially well selected, and seem likely to 
perpetuate the good dairying qualities of the herd. Numbers 
are kept up and increased by rearing the heifer calves. This is 
carefully done, and the heifers go into the herd with their first 
calf at an age of about two to two and a quarter years. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Sorry indeed were we to see sheepfolds on Swedes since writing our 
last farm notes. The only thing in sound practice to justify such a thing 
would be the bringing of more land into course for winter corn. If 
Swedes are used in this way so long before Christmas what is to be done 
for the sheep later on in midwinter ? There should now be for early 
folding Mustard, Coleseed, early Cabbage, and Thousand-headed Kale, 
some late growth of Clover, and mixed layers, with a run on pasture 
by day. Do not keep sheep of any sort confined altogether in the folds, 
a change is healthful, and a frequent turn on a hard road is good for 
them. Look regularly to the feet; allow no creeping in of bad cases of 
foot rot, but let the hoofs be pared whenever it is necessary, and any 
difficult case be at once isolated. Ewes forward in lamb must have 
quiet comfortable quarters, and be under very frequent observation by 
day and night. Do not disturb them at night, but approach them quietly 
just to see all is well and there is no disturbance, or worrying by dogs. 
This is entirely worth while. A friend of ours going to his ewefold one 
night found the fold empty, and evidence of a rush in several broken 
hurdles. The barking of dogs in the distance heard by him through the 
hush of night told the sad tale but too well. Two large lurcher dogs 
had driven them out of the fold to a considerable distance, and the loss 
both of ewes and lambs was most serious. 
Home farmers having the advantage of a park with its lofty 
enclosures do well to have the ewes in there for a month or two before 
lambing time; they are then safe from nocturnal disturbance. Keep 
all ewes in lamb off the Turnips for every reason. We cannot too often 
repeat this note of warning. To allow them to consume large numbers 
of half-frozen roots tends seriously to lower vital heat, and so taxes the 
system seriously ; to keep them in muddy folds causes so great a strain 
upon their frames as also to prove a severe trial just when they require 
extra care. Both things cause abortion largely in a flock, and foot rot 
often runs riot at the same time. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Oamden Square. London. 
Lat.51° 32'40" N.; Long. 0° 8/ 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
Date. 
9 A.M. 
In THE DAY. 
Bain. 
1893. 
November. 
1 Barometer 
1 at 32°, and 
1 Sea Level. 
Hygrometer. 
Direc¬ 
tion of 
Wind. 
Temp, 
of soil 
at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
Sun. 
On 
Grass. 
Inchs. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
Inchs. 
Sunday .. 
5 
29-951 
37-4 
35-1 
N. 
47-1 
43-6 
34-4 
51-1 
33-0 
— 
Monday .. 
6 
30-017 
35-8 
34-1 
N. 
44-9 
46 9 
32-1 
77-9 
28-4 
— 
Tuesday .. 
7 
30-254 
36-1 
35-0 
N.E. 
43-3 
46-2 
32-0 
75-3 
29-0 
OOlO 
Wednesday 
8 
30-314 
38-9 
35-9 
N.E. 
42-3 
45-0 
32-4 
66-3 
27-9 
— 
Thursday.. 
9 
30-288 
39-7 
36-3 
N.E. 
42-7 
45-9 
36-1 
80-7 
33-0 
— 
Friday 
10 
30-251 
42-8 
39-0 
N.E. 
42-1 
46-4 
34-4 
52-1 
31-0 
— 
Saturday .. 
11 
30-334 
46-2 
44-1 
N.E. 
42-9 
50-1 
41-5 
59-8 
38-4 
— 
30-201 
39-6 
37-1 
43-6 
46-3 
34-7 
66-2 
31-5 
0010 
REMARKS. 
5tli.—Fair early; drizzly from 10 to 11 A.M., then occasional sunshine till noon, and 
bright afternoon and night. 
6th.—Almost cloudless from sunrise to midnight. 
7th.—Almost cloudless morning, and bright sun till 3 P.M., when there was a shower 
of rain and hail, the sun shining meanwhile ; generally cloudy after 3.15 P.ll. 
8th.—Cloudy morning; bright sunshine from 1.30 p.M. to 3.30 P.M., and generally 
cloudy after. 
9th.—Bright sunshine almost throughout, with brisk N.E. wind. 
10th.—Overcast throughout, and high wind in the morning. 
11th.—Overcast till noon; much bright sunshine in afternoon. 
A cool dry week with northerly wind and very little cloud.—G-. J. Symons. 
