March 2, 1893. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
173 
The copper sulphate was dissolved in a quart of water, and the calcium 
chloride was treated in the same w,^J^ The two solutions were then 
poured together and enough water added to make 5 gallons, 
2.—A comparison of two fungicides containing no copper with those 
given under question 1. The fungicides used In this case were : 
9.-P0TASSIUM SULPHIDE SOLUPION, 
the following diagram, which shows at a glance the per-centage of 
perfect clusters of Grapes due to the several treatments, the mean per¬ 
centage of perfect bunches on the untreated, also the lowest per-centage 
of perfect bunches on the untreated Vines, and the maximum. 
Diagram 2 —Showing kind of treatment and per-centage of perfect 
clusters on September 1 7th. (White indicates perfect clusters.) 
Potassium sulphide . J oz. 
Water.. 5 gallons 
The potassium sulphide was added to the full quantity of water and 
then stirred until it was di3.«olved. 
10.—SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE SOLUTION, 
Sodium hyposulphite . .. .. ^ oz. 
Water. 5 gallons 
This was prepared the same as No. 9. 
3,—A comparison of Bordeaux mixture, full strength, with the same 
preparation half strength. 
BORDEAUX MIXTURE, FULL STRENGTH. 
Copper tu'phate. .. .. G lbs. 
Lime (unslacked). 4 lbs. 
Water.. . 22 gallons 
BORDEAUX MIXTURE, HALF STRENGTH. 
Copper sulphate. 3 lbs. 
Lime (unslaoked). 2 lbs. 
Water.. .22 gallons 
4. —A comparison of the Bordeaux mixture, full and half applied 
early and late. By early treatment is meant that two applications were 
made before the fruit set. By late, that treatment was postponed until 
the berries were the size of bird shot. 
5. —A comparison of six treatments, using Bordeaux mixture, full 
and half strength, with four treatments, both beginning at the same 
time, i.e., when the leaves were first starting.” 
Two vineyards were devoted to the experiments : (1) for trial of the 
ten fungicides, and (2) for the Bordeaux mixture at full and half 
strength. The treatments, six in number, in every case were made on 
the same day, the date for each being as follows : — 
(1) April 27th (Vines just beginning to grow) ; (2) May 13th ; (3) 
May 25th ; (4) June 9th (foliage nearly full grown, fruit the size of bird 
shot) ; (5th) June 22nd (Vines growing vigorously) ; and (6) July 7th. 
As regards preventives against black rot, the various preparations 
stand as follows :— 
Per cent. 
I. Copper saccharate, glue mixture.100 
II. Bordeaux mixture, ammouiacal solution, modified eau celeste 99 
III. Copper acetate solution, copper cLlorido mixture, potassium 
sulphide solution. .96 
IV. Precipitated carbonate of copper solution .90 
V, Sodium hyposulphite solution .70 
Nothing further was done in the vineyard until September Ist, when 
all the Vines were carefully examined and observations made on several 
points, some of which have interest for growers in this country and its 
colonies, especially those relating to the injury to the foliage and wood 
by the treatments, which are set forth in an excellent diagram herewith 
reproduced. 
Diagram 1. —Showing the average condition of the foliage and 
wood September 17th of the treated plats with respect to injury from 
the spraying. (Black indicates injury.) 
I _ __11 
Fig. 31.—Diagram 1. 
Exi'L.VNATIOX OF Dl.VOHAM 1.— (1) Bordeaux mixture ; (2) Copper acetate solu¬ 
tion; (3) Copper chloride solution; (4) Ammouiacal solution of copper carbonate; 
(5) Precipitated carbonate of copper solution; (0) Potassium sulphide; (7) Sodium 
hyposulphite: (8) Modified eau celeste; (9) Glue mixture; (10) Copper saccharate. 
The above diagram illustrates better than many words the damage or 
otherwise of the treatments, but the benefits are given in tal ulir form ; 
therefore, to elucidate the results of the experiments, I have prepared 
3[ 
EXPLANATION OP DIAGRAM 2. 
Per cent. 
(1) Glue mixture.lOO'OO 
(2) Modified eau celeste, copper saccharate, Bordeaux mLxture, 
copper chloride mixture.98-00 
(3) Potassium sulphide solution .95-17 
(4) Ammoniacal solution ..91-32 
(5) Copper acetate .90-47 
(6) Precipitated carbonate of copper solution.86-47 
(7) Sodium hyposulphite solution.4U 78 
(8) Average perfect clusters on untreated Vines. 41-37 
(9) Lo-west.15-95 
(10) Highest .68-00 
The results of treating Vines with Bordeaux mixture at full and at 
half strength are given below, in per-centages of efficacy:— 
** Bordeaux mixture, full strength, early, six sprayings 
» half ,, „ „ ,, 
» »i four „ 
»» lUU ,, ,, ,, „ 
„ „ „ late three , 
1 ) half „ „ „ „ 
Per cent. 
.. 94-00 
.. 93-90 
.. 90-U0 
., 89-00 
.. 23-00 
.. 16-00” 
Conclusions.— “ (l) With the exception of the Bordeaux mixture 
all of the fungicides used . , . more or less injured both leaves and 
fruit ; (2) Taking cost, ease of preparation and application, effect on 
foliage and fruit, and all other questions into consideration, the Bordeaux 
mixture, even though reduced to less than one-sixth the usual strength, 
proved the most effectual remedy ; (3) Vines treated with Bordeaux 
mixtur*, half strength, gave practically as good results as the same 
preparation full strength ; (4) In every case early treatment gave 
decidedly better results than late ones ; (5) Six treatments, the last two 
after the Grapes were practically grown, gave better results than four, 
the last being made when the berries were the size of bird-shot.”— 
G. Abbey. 
[The above rec^rd is interesting and suggestive, but in this country 
both Tomatoes under glass and Potatoes in fields have been injured by 
the “full strength” Bordeaux mixture, and a preparation of equal parts 
of sulphate of copper and lime have proved more satisfactory.] 
GARDENERS’ ASSOCIATIONS AND SITUATIONS. 
I THINK “ D.,” in the paragraph under the above headin.’-, i age 135, 
touches a subject of considerable importance to gardeners, and one well 
worthy of discussion ; for I am of the opinion that gardeners’ associations 
and horticultural societies do not accomplish all that they might in 
being of practical assistance to gardeners in time of nee J, nor yet in 
keeping up the status of the profession in these days of horticultural 
progress. 
Why should not the Royal Horticultural Society, which is still 
lamenting a lack of support, and other kindred societies be of more 
practical benefit to gardeners, and why should not employers when 
wanting gardeners obtain them through these societies / 
I see the Council of the R.H.S. are fostering an idea for the making 
or training of gardeners. Will they also promote a scheme so as to be of 
assistance to gardeners when out of situations ? I take it that if the 
R.H.S. would undertake the recommendation of gardeners of proved 
abilities and character they would get a much larger share of their 
support than at present, and employers of gardener.^ might also be 
expected to associate themselves with the Society.—A., YorliS, 
