.Afarch 2, 1893. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
175 
14 per cent, of potassium, and 10 per cent, of lime. The phosphorus 
pentoxide, potassium and calcium will be in a form readily available by 
plants. If it is supposed phosphates of the soil are deficient, a dressing 
of superphosphate of H lb. to S square yards will be found to supply 
the deficiency. 
New Orchards, 
Where fruit orchards are about to be made, and there is time to 
wait, the ground ought to be prepared twelve months prior to planting. 
If the soil is poor trench the ground 2 feet deep. Remove the first spit 
of the trench, which should be 2 feet wide ; also remove the bottom spit. 
Remove the second top spit, and carry all three spits to where the 
trenching will be finished. A good dressing of manure should be 
placed in the trench, and the second bottom spit thrown upon it. 
Another good dressing ought to be placed upon that, when the third 
top spit should be thrown upon the second layer of manure, or in 
the position whence the first spit was removed. There will always be 
two trenches open. An ordinary garden crop should be grown upon 
the ground the first year, and in the autumn the soil should be again 
trenched. Any addition of manure must be left to the discretion of 
operator. When the ground is trenched the second time the manure 
will be £0 incorporated with the soil that in whatever direction the 
roots may go food will be found, and not in quantities large enough to 
cause gross growth. 
If the soil is in cultivation, and there is a large quantity of humus 
present, some superphosphate, half-inch bones, and old mortar 
rubble should be incorporated with it, and dressings of new lime spread 
upon the surface after plantiug. Farmyard manure should not 
be used, as it will cause too gross growth. Phosphatic, nitrogenous, 
and potassic manures, applied as directed will give stimulus to 
the tree and also act upon the constituents of the soil without injurious 
effects. 
Wall Fruit. 
The borders for Peaches, Nectarines, Plums, Cherries, and other wall 
fruit should be prepared with as much care as the Vine border if first- 
class fruit is required. The soil should consist of the best retentive 
fibrous loam, and the proportion of other ingredients added as given 
below. To each ton of loam add 
1 cwt. of burnt soil and wood, 
14 lbs. animal charcoal, 
1 cwt. cow and .sheep manure, 
I cwt. mortar rubble, 
I cwt. J-inch bones. 
The whole should be well mixed, but beforei'the border is formed 
the drainage should be seen to. If the soil is sandy on gravel no 
drainage material need be put in ; but if the subsoil is clayey and 
impervious to moisture the drainage must be effective. Place old bricks 
and large stones or cinders in the bottom with mortar rubbish or 
cinders upon them ; next a layer of turf, grass downwards, after which 
fill in the compost, and plant the trees with great care. After they are 
fairly started weak solutions of cesspool liquid, 1 gallon to 6 gallons 
of clear water, may be given at intervals till the fruiting period, when 
a dressing of nitrate of potash with equal parts of bone ash or super¬ 
phosphate can be given and watered in if needed. The quantity to 
apply must be judged by the condition of the tree. Phosphoric slag 
may be given as a substitute for superphosphate, particularly if the 
leaves are inclined to be of a yellowish green colour. The advantage 
of phosphatic manure is that it assists in the formation of the stones 
in fruit. When the trees show signs of being exhausted cesspool 
liquid diluted with its own volume of water, and also guano at the 
rate of 2 lbs. to 30 gallons of water, may be given to each tree in hot 
weather. 
Vines. 
The compost for making Vine borders should be constituted in the 
following manner :—To each ton of good loam add 
1 cwt. of burnt soil and wood, 
J cwt. of animal and wood charcoal, 
14 lbs. of half-inch bones, 
J cwt. decayal cow mannro, 
i cwt. old mortar. 
After the drainage is perfected the border should be formed of the 
well mixed compost. The quality of the border near the surface would 
be improved by adding a little nitrogenous manure and readily soluble 
phosphate. 
When the Vines are started weak solutions of cesspool liquid may 
be given, the strength to be one to two buckets to 20 gallons of water. 
according to the quality of the liquid. About four applications with 
this solution will suffice for the first year, and any other watering.? 
must be with clear water. 
In the second year apply one dressing in the early spring, and one in the 
late summer, with basic slag and bone ash at the rate of 20 to 25 lbs. 
per Vine border 25 feet by 15 feet. A watering may be given with a 
solution made from the “ home-made manure,” at the rate of 1 to 2 lbs. 
per 30 gallons of water, any residue left in the tank to be thrown 
upon the border. 
For the third year two waterings in early summer, and one at the 
colouring period of the Grapes, of the solution of the home-made 
manure, should be given. Water also when required with a solution 
FIG. 33. —MR. G. A. BISHOP. 
of 1 lb. of guano to 20 gallons of water. The undissolved farts from the 
guano and the home-made manure ought to be spread uf on the border. 
Fruit Bushes and Raspberry Canes. 
The bushes should be planted in well-prepared soil, and be watered 
carefully with weak solutions of liquid manure till they are well 
established, when good drenchings of liquid manure from the cesspool 
stand pipes should be given. In the spring give a dressing of the 
“ home-made manure ” at the rate of half a pound to the square yard. 
Strawberry Plants. 
For new beds of the Strawberry plants the soil should be well 
trenched and manured, as recommended for the preparation of the 
ground for fruit trees, and its physical condition must be considered. 
Heavy land needs materials for improving its texture by adding sand, 
burnt soil, leaf mould, or road scrapings; and by increasing the retentive¬ 
ness of light soils we increase their value. 
The Strawberry plantation here, which is a very large one, is 
formed upon a sloping piece of ground which falls 12 inches in the 
yard. The soil itself is only 4 inches deep, resting on sand, and the 
red sandstone rock is in some cases only a foot or two from the 
surface. Nothing is done to the plantation only to mulch with good 
manure in the autumn. Three successive crops have been gathered, 
and fine fruit is produced ; the weight per root has been as high as 
2 lbs. Where old beds are in a bad state it would be waste of money 
and time to try and improve them; have plenty of runners layered, 
and make new plantations in September. Prepare the soil as I have 
suggested, and good results will reward your efforts, 
(To be continued.) 
[We have pleasure in publishing a portrait of Mr. G. A. Bishop in 
connection with this admirable essay, which doubtless many of our 
readers will peruse with interest.] 
