May 4, 1893. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
367 
pieces of charcoal rather freely for large baskets, but ia the case of 
small plants and small baskets little else besides charcoal and sphagnum 
will be necessary to give them a start. Such plants as Vandas, Sacco- 
labiums, and Aerides require rather shallow baskets, Stanhopeas 
especially so, as they have a habit of sending their flower stems through 
the bottom and sides of the basket. 
Insects on Camellia I,eaf (5'o??ier5ei.)—The cottony substance 
over the cylindrical patch or on the under side of the leaf acts as a 
covering to a number of small insects, which you may discover with an 
ordinary pocket lens to be brownish, and to have the shape of small 
scale, which they really are, and will soon spread over the plant. The 
insects, however, seldom become very numerous, as they are preyed on 
by other minute insects belonging to Hymenoptera, which are parasitic 
in the Camellia scale (Aspiodiotus or Dactylopius Camellise), but it 
should be extirpated by sponging the leaves without delay anvl so as to 
remove the cottony matter with a solution of softsoap, 4 ozs. to a gallon 
of water, to which a teaspoonful of petroleum may be added. The best 
way to prepare the mixture is to dissolve the softsoap in hot water, 
place in a 2 gallon stone bottle, add the petroleum, cork, and shake the 
bottle up and down, or to and fro for five minutes, pour about a pint 
into a vessel for use with a sponge, not using it at a temperature 
exceeding 100°, and so proceed. It is important that the petroleum be 
well mixed with the soapy solution. 
Zoospores (A. B.).—The statement of a correspondent that the 
ziospores and fungi float in the air is probably incorrect, Griffiths not¬ 
withstanding. De Bary says:—“ The spores of many Phycomycetes 
have the characteristics of autonomous motile cells, and are therefore 
named swarm spores, or zoospores, as having motion like animals. They 
are always formed endogenously by simultaneous division, and are 
liberated from the sporangium by a process of swelling. Their origin 
and their development, at least up to the period of germination, take 
place only under water; the species which produce them are inhabitants 
of the water, or at least their sporangia find their way into water for 
the purpose of forming the spores. . . . These movements com¬ 
mence in some species (Saprolegnia, Pythium, the Chytridem) inside the 
sporangium shortly before the liberation of the spores, and the cilia are 
by that time already formed ; in other cases, as Achy la and Cystopus, 
the cilia and the movements make their appearance after the spores 
have entered the water. The motion under favourable circumstances 
only lasts a short time in the swarm spores of the fungi, sometimes only 
one or a few minutes.” 
Gymnogramma cbrysophylla Culture (A. S .').—Your plant 
does not grow because the temperature has been too low. It requires a 
night temperature of not less than 55° in winter, and a moist atmosphere 
without the foliage being wetted. The plant is probably old ; such 
plants never do so well as those which, from being very small, are 
liberally treated until they become specimens, after which they gradually 
decline. If you have now a small plant in, say, a 4J-inch pot, we should 
put it at once into an 8-inch pot, draining the pot to one-fourth its depth, 
and using a compost of sweet leaf mould one-half, turfy yellow loam 
one-half, and fibrous brown peat one-fourth, adding one-sixth of silver 
sand, the whole well mixed and broken with a spade, but not sifted. 
Pot rather deeply, but not so much as to cover the crown. The plant 
should be set in the lightest part of the house, have room on all sides, 
and be not more than 18 inches from the glass. The soil should be kept 
moist, but not wet, until the roots are working freely, and the tempera¬ 
ture may range from 60° to 65° by night. By day it may be 70° without 
sun, and from 80° to 85° with it, shade being afforded from 9 A.M. to 
4 P.M., when tfie sky is clear, but when cloudy do not shade at all. No 
shade will be needed from September to April. The plant must always 
have the soil moist, but no water should be given until it is really 
needed, then afford a supply sufficient to show itself through the bottom 
of the pot. If your plant grow as well as we expect, it will need a shift 
by the end of July, or at latest by the third week in August, so that the 
pot may be filled with roots before winter, as it will be in six weeks 
after potting if a 10-inch pot be given. From that time no more water 
should be given than is sufficient to prevent the soil becoming dry, and 
if a sufficiently moist atmosphere be maintained it will winter safely in 
a temperature of 60° at night, and occasionally as low as 55° or even 50°, 
but this degree must be seldom reached. 
Names of Plants. —We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, 
dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at 
once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp, 
(fr. P.).—Cerasus Padus, the Bird Cherry, a native tree and plentiful 
in some districts. It is often called Prunus Padus, ornamental when 
flowering and is fragrant. (P. P.).—1, Begonia metailica ; 2, Alonsoa 
Warscewiczi; 3, Begonia ascotiensis. (AiP.).—Doronicum plantagineum 
excelsum. (i. P.).—Odontoglossum citrosmum. (IF. P. H .').—Lycium 
europaeum. 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
Oscar Tiefenthal, Wandsbek, Hamburg, Germany.— German Plants 
and Roots. 
Thomas Painter, Smallwood, Stoke-on-Trent.— Dahlias. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— May 3rd. 
Market heavily supplied with all classes of goods. A steady trade doing at lower 
prices. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
3. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Apples, half sieve .. .. 
1 
0 
to 3 
6 
Lemons, case . 
10 
Oto 15 
0 
„ Tasmanian,per case 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Oranges, per 100 .. .. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
„ Nova Scotia, per 
St. Michael Pines, each .. 
2 
0 
5 
0 
barrel. 
12 
0 
17 
0 
Strawberries, per lb. 
1 
6 
4 
6 
Grapes per lb. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
VEGETABLES, 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
3. 
d, 
Asparagus, per bundle .. 
1 
6 
to 4 
0 
Mustard and Cress, punnet 
0 
2 to 
0 
0 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. ,. 
0 
G 
1 
0 
Onions, bunch . 
0 
3 
0 
5 
Beet, Red, dozen. 
I 
0 
0 
0 
Parsiey, dozen bunches .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Carrots, bunch. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Parsnips, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Celery, bundle . 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Salsafy, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
8 
Coleworts, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzonera, bundle .. .. 
1 
8 
0 
0 
Cucumbers, dozen .. .. 
2 
6 
4 
0 
Seakale, per basket .. .. 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Endive, dozen ,. .. .. 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Herbs, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel. 
3 
0 
3 
6 
Leeks, bunch . 
0 
2 
0 
0 
■ Tomatoes, per lb. 
0 
6 
1 
6 
Lettuce, dozen. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Tiirnipi^j hiinnh. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Mushrooms, punnet ., .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE PRICES.—OUT FLOWERS. 
Orchid Blooms in variety. 
s. 
d. 
3. d 
3. 
d. 
3. 
d. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
1 
6 
to 3 0 
Myosotis, dozen bunches .. 
1 
6 to 3 
0 
Azalea, dozen sprays.. .. 
0 
6 
0 9 
Narciss, var., French, dozen 
Bluebells, dozen bunches .. 
0 
8 
1 0 
bunches . 
1 
0 
4 
0 
Bouvardias, bunch .. .. 
0 
6 
1 0 
Orchids, per dozen blcoms 
3 
0 
12 
6 
Camellias, doz. blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 0 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 
8 
0 
9 
0 
Carnations, 12 blooms 
1 
0 
3 0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
Cowslips, dozen bunches ., 
1 
0 
2 0 
bunches.. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Daffodils, dozen bunches 
2 
U 
6 0 
Polyanthus, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Eucharis, dozen. 
3 
0 
4 0 
Primroses, dozen bunches 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Gardenias, per dozen 
1 
0 
2 0 
Primula (double) 12 sprays 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Lilac, white, French, per 
Roses (French), per doz. .. 
0 
6 
2 
0 
bunch . 
3 
0 
5 0 
„ (indoor), dozen 
0 
9 
2 
0 
Lilium candidum, dozen 
„ Red, per doz. blooms.. 
1 
6 
S 
0 
blooms . 
0 
6 
1 0 
„ Tea, white, dozen ,. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Lilium longiflorum 12 
„ Yellow, dozen .. .. 
o 
0 
4 
0 
blooms . 
2 
0 
3 0 
Spirma, dozen bunches .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Lily of the Valley, dozen 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms.. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
bunches. 
3 
0 
6 0 
Tulips, dozen blooms 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Lily of the Valley, dozen 
Violets, Parme, French, per 
sprays . 
0 
6 
1 6 
bunch . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
Violets (Eaglish), dozen 
bunches. 
6 
0 
9 0 
bunches. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Marguerites, 12 bunches .. 
2 
0 
4 0 
Wallflowers, doi. banches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches .. 
3 
0 
6 0 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
3. 
d. 
s. d. 
3. 
d. 
3. 
d. 
Arbor Vit® (golden) dozen 
6 
0 to 12 0 
Ferns (small'i pf r hundred 
6 
0 to 8 
0 
Arum Lilies, per dozen .. 
8 
0 
12 0 
Ficus eiastica, each .. .. 
1 
6 
7 
6 
Aspidistra, per dozen .. 
18 
0 
36 0 
Foliage plants, var., each.. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
Aspidistra, specimen plant 
5 
0 
10 6 
Genista, per dozen 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Azalea, per dozen .. .. 
24 
0 
42 0 
Lilium Harrissi, per dozen 
18 
0 
30 
0 
Cineraria, per dozen .. .. 
6 
0 
9 0 
Lily of the Valley, doz. pots 12 
0 
18 
0 
Cupressus, large plant3,each 
2 
0 
5 0 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Cyclamen, dozen pots 
9 
0 
18 0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Deutzia, per dozen .. 
6 
0 
8 0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Dracmna terminalis. dozen 18 
0 
42 0 
Palms, in var., each .. 
1 
0 
15 
0 
„ viridis, dozen .. 
9 
0 
24 0 
„ (specimens) .. 
21 
0 
63 
0 
Dielytra, per dozen .. .. 
6 
0 
9 0 
Pelargoniums, per dozen ,. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Euonvm us, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 0 
„ scarlet, per dozen.. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 0 
Primula, single, doz. pots 
4 
0 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0 
18 0 
Spirma, per dozen .. .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Bedding plants in variety. 
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FARMING. 
Mention is frequently made of more and more land being 
devoted to the cultivation of fruit and vegetables as a sign of 
progressive improvement, and it undoubtedly is so. But this 
extension of fruit and vegetable farming has a significance of 
far greater importance than the mere fact of planting so many 
more acres with such crops ; it is part and parcel of a commercial 
revolution, which is swiftly bringing within the meins of all 
classes of the community an abundant winter supply of the 
choicest fruits and vef'etables of summer, either by means of 
evaporation, under which the water is simply driven out and all 
nutritive properties retained, or by canning or bottling, which 
involves some boiling and a total exclusion of air. Clearly this 
points to a profitable extension of this branch of farming on a 
very large scale, and the establishment of factories either at 
the farms or at convenient centres for obtaining an abundant 
home-grown supply. It is a matter of the utmost importance 
to farmers, which, if rightly turned to account, will enable them 
once more to make the land teem with plenty. 
