482 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ Juae 15, 1893 
examined, but most are due to the burrowings of larvm, about which we 
are not at present concerned, therefore my remarks will be confined to 
the fungus. This first appears in the buds of the common Dog Rose, so 
much employed for standard Roses, but I do not consider it has been 
introduced into gardens in that way, for the stocks are merely sticks 
with dormant buds, and few if any are attacked by the fungus in nursery 
rows. It is worthy of note that the bud form of the fungus does not 
produce the mature form ; at least, I have not found any, and the fungus 
has disappeared from the bud or shoot by the time the “ brand ” is well 
developed in the leaves, nothing remaining but the cankerous hollow 
scooped out by the fungus ; in fact, it becomes a receptacle or “ run ” 
for water, and it is then all “ up ” with the spores of the Lecythea Rosse, 
as they must in warmth and moisture do or die. 
We have teen how the spores are scattered, also that the fungus 
distorts and causes the growth to grow downwards, and this acts as a 
rest for the spores, the under sides of some leaves being semi-upwards, 
and strive as the Rose may it cannot reverse them in a moment, for it 
is a work of time, and by when the leaves are turned face upward—that 
is, the right way—one or more of the invisible (to the naked eye) par¬ 
ticles of dust has pushed its or their germ tube or tubes and entered 
through the stomata into the interior of the leaf or leaflets. The turning 
upwards of such leaves only aids the fungus by elaborating the substance 
upon which it exists, and is essential to the reproduction of the species. 
In the bud that substance is the cambium ; in the leaves it is the 
chlorophyll. After a time the leaves assume a sickly jaundiced hue, and 
brownish spots appear on the upper surface, as shown in the engraving 
at D. But the marks are not remarkably conspicuous on the upper 
surface of the leaves; yet the brown patches and the jaundiced hue, 
which overspreads so much of the leaf surface has as been penetrated by 
the mycelium of the fungus, are a clear indication of trouble from 
orange fungus. This must be sought for on the under surface of the 
affected leaves, where will be found little masses of a brilliant golden 
yellow or orange colour. These masses consist of spores—the succeeding 
generation from the bodies, at one time present in the buds, which have 
been scattered far and wide by the wdnd, and have found a suitable 
host—one affording them the elements needful for germination, develop¬ 
ment, and reproduction—a healthy, vigorous, and hitherto a flourishing 
Rose tree. 
This form is the orange fungus or “rust,” and being scattered by 
the wind or otherwise falling on Rose leaves, and finding a fitting 
nidus they reproduce the fungus (Lecythea Rosm). If the golden yellow 
masses on the leaves are examined carefully there will be found amongst 
the orange-coloured dust several little deep brown specks, which under 
the microscope appear as at e, and this form is termed the “ brand.” 
Had the fungus been examined at an earlier stage by the aid of the 
microscope it would have been found that the orange-coloured cells 
(spores) and the barren cysts (abortive cells) were supported together 
on slender stems and in clusters. If the golden-yellow dust be examined 
with a lens it will be found to consist of myriads of semi-globular cells, 
mixed with a less number of colourless cells of slightly different shape, 
and concatenate (chained together), as at F. The orange powder is 
conspicuous ; it consists of the summer spores called “ rust,” the deep 
browm specks are the winter or resting spores, termed the “ brand.” 
With the aid of a microscope of higher power the latter will be found 
to consist of sausage-shaped bodies, standing on colourless slender stems 
as long or longer than themselves. Each of these deep brown bodies is 
several times contracted, as though it had been tightly bound with 
slender cords, and the surface has been studded with minute glassy warts. 
The general appearance of the “ brand,” highly magnified, is represented 
at G. Each “ brand ” consists of six to eight-celled spores. In this 
stage the fungus is known scientifically as Phragmidium (Aregma) 
mucronatum, Fr., or P. subcorticium, Schr. 
The autumn having arrived the leaves fall; the Rose is considered 
as safe from attack as the fungus is against cold and wet. But the 
Rose has some of its twigs broken by wind, nipped by cattle, or cut off, 
and the consequence is some of the buds are started into growth—it may 
only be a little, as shown at H, yet it is enough to admit one or more of 
the cylindrical multiseptate spores of the Phragmidium at d. Whether 
it set to work then or later it amounts to the same thing—that bud will 
assuredly produce the condition shown at A, B, and c in the early part 
of the following summer. The “ brand ” spores may, in some cases, 
pass the winter in their frostproof and watertight coats, and in spring 
separate and float in the air like balloons. But it is better to take 
preventive measures against the recurrence of the fungus where there 
has been an attack than to speculate in microscopic probabilities, for 
one thing is certain—namely, many of the winter or “ resting ” spores 
find billets on the Rose trees and abide there ready to germinate and 
push their mycelium into the stoutest Dog Rose or the most fair and 
beautiful Rose of the garden. It is only a question of spores and a 
fitting soil. The spores cannot enter a closely sealed bud, as at I, nor 
can they make an impression on smooth, clean, elastic bark. A vigorous 
growth from a similar bud to I, taken from the same bush, as A, b, and 
C is shown at J, all from living specimens, and natural size, except E, p, 
and G, which are highly magnified representations. 
The only remedy is to kill the spores. All the arts of cultivation 
will not avail one jot against the fungus. It is an excellent practice to 
remove all the fallen leaves in autumn and burn them, also to not 
shorten the shoots in autumn so as to start the basal buds lee, but 
leave enough wood above the pruning buds, so that any growth taking 
place may be on that part, and if any spores are billetted there they 
will be removed with it at the usual pruning time. Instead of Roses 
being pruned early, as formerly, they are now pruned late, which 
accounts for the decreased infection of Roses in gardens by the orange 
fungus, and when it does appear it is generally on the leaves. We have 
seen where the spores that produce it come from, and those that wish to 
avoid its attacks must scan the Dog Roses in the immediate locality, 
and nip the disease in the bud (A), which contains, according to calcu¬ 
lation on the microscopic scale, more spores than there are cultivated 
Roses in the county of Hertfordshire. 
Another excellent practice is to bury the diseased leaves, or if the 
leaves are cleared away and burned dig the ground, so as to bury the 
resting spores after sprinkling a little sulphate of iron evenly on the 
ground, say a quarter of an ounce per square yard. I am assured that 
this is a good manure for Rosea in soils deficient of iron, and most 
parasitic animals and vegetables hate sulphur. 
These, however, are empirical, and the conclusions or deductions 
drawn from the supposed effects mere fancies or delusions ; therefore, 
we will combat the fungus. 1, Spray the bushes whilst the pruning 
buds are quite dormant with sulphate of copper, according to the 
formula hereafter given, for simple sulphate of copper solutions must 
be used with great care on plants liable to attacks of “ rust ” and 
“ brand ” as the Raspberry and the Rose. 2, Spray the trees when they 
are in bud, and before the flower buds appear clear off the leaves with 
copper sulphate, 4 ozs., fresh burned lime unslaked 4 ozs., water 
gallons. Dissolve the sulphate of copper in one vessel and slake the 
lime in another, forming the lime into a thin whitewash, and then pour 
it slowly through a hair sieve into the copper solution. Dilute to 
15 gallons for this early spraying, for the foliage is as yet tender, 
and remember that every part of the plants, especially the under side of 
the leaves, must be coated with the finest possible film. 3, When the 
first crop of flowers are all gathered or blown spray the trees with 
the mixture at full strength, and it may safely be concluded that the 
Roses are orange fungus proof. If the fungus gain access to the tissues 
of the leaves the spraying may need to be repeated, but do not give an 
overdose.— G. Abbey. 
FRUIT PROSPECTS AROUND LIVERPOOL AND IN 
CHESHIRE. 
Blacklow House, Roby. 
Apples form a good average crop here,the best being Irish Peach,Mank’s 
Codlin, Ecklinville, Hawthornden, Bedfordshire Foundling, Lord Suffield, 
Lord Derby, Blenheim Pippin, Betty Geeson, Brabant Bellefleur, Nelson’s 
Glory, Flanders Pippin, an admirable Apple, and one which never fails; 
Ribston, and Golden Noble. There is a very moderate crop of Pears. Doyennd 
du Comice, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurr^ Clairgeau, Beurrd dAmanlis, 
Beurrd Diel, Beurrd Capiaumont, and Beurrd Bose, Fondante d’Automne, 
Citron des Carmes, Jargonelle, Grosse Callebasse, and Glou MorQeau are 
the best. Cherries are nearly a failure. Gooseberries, the heaviest crop 
known for years, and not the slightest trace of the caterpillar. Plums, 
with exception of Victoria and Orleans, are a complete failure. Straw¬ 
berries, a fine crop, fully a month earlier than last year, having already 
gathered Due de Malakoff, Keen's Seedling, and Black Prince outdoors. 
Black and Red Currants made a grand start, the former being now 
nearly nil, but the latter very plentiful. Raspberries are carrying an 
enormous crop, but we have to keep them plentifully supplied with 
water or the crop would be lost. With regard to Pears I may say that 
many have succumbed to the attacks of the weevil, which this year 
seems to have been a great plague. 
Court Hey, Broadgreen. 
Here the fruit crops are more promising this year than last, but 
everything is suffering from want of rain. All varieties of Apples are 
good. Pears an average crop ; Jargonelle, Beurr6 Diel, Beurr4 Clairgeau, 
Durondeau, and Marie Louise are good on walls ; and Williams’ Bon 
Chretien, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Marie Louise on dwarf trees. 
Gooseberries and Red Currants are a full crop. Strawberries promise 
well. Cherries on walls a failure owing to the dry season. 
Exdfielu House, Aigburth. 
Apples are extraordinarily good. Of Pears Mr. Kelly has a fair crop, 
Jargonelle, Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Louise, Beurr^ Clairgeau, Beurrd 
Diel, Beurrd Bose, Autumn Bergamot, and Winter Nelis being the best; 
Glou Mor^eau, Brown Beurrd, Gansel’s Bergamot, Doyennd du Comice, 
and others are complete failures. Plums form the heaviest crop for 
many years, noticeable being Green Gage, Prince Albert, Queen Victoria, 
Kirke’s, and Coe’s Golden Drop. Cherries seldom do well with the ex¬ 
ception of Morellos. Gooseberries, Red and White Currants are excep¬ 
tionally good, whilst Strawberries are abundant, but, like all others, 
suffering from excessive drought. The four latter are almost a month 
earlier. Black Prince Improved and Noble having been gathered, and 
Due de Malakoff colouring fast. 
Calderstones, Aigburth. 
Mr. Tunnington considers all outdoor crops fairly good. Peaches and 
Nectarines, which are always done so well here, being especially fine. 
Apples are, in nearly all cases, good. Pears not so heavy, only about 
half a crop. Plums and Damsons are very poor, whilst Apricots are 
carrying fair crops. Black and White Currants and Raspberries form 
a full crop, and Strawberries are excellent. Rain is badly wanted, 
watering and mulching having had to be resorted to to save the crops. 
