160 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER . 
[ August 18, 1892, 
facts may occur, as our object is to miss no point of importance ; 
minor details are easily worked out when once the guiding 
principles are understood. 
Since separators have come into general use much waste both 
of butter, building space, and time has been avoided, for they are 
an admirable embodiment of efficiency and economy. Milk pans, 
and the space required for them, are now dispensed with, all the 
storage spice required for milk being two cisterns, one for receiving 
the milk as it is weighed into the factory, the other being for the 
separated milk as it comes from the separator, both being placed 
above the dairy, where now milk is positively never seen, except 
when whole milk is churned as a test of quality. Since Lefeldt’s 
separator was first seen at the International Dairy Show at 
Hamburgh some fourteen years ago many improvements have been 
made, but the principle is the same in all. It is simply centrifugal 
force acting upon the different gravities of the component parts 
of milk. In factories the milk flows from the receiving cistern 
through a pipe into a cylinder revolving with great rapidity. 
The lesser gravity of the cream causes it to gather to the centre 
and run off through a pipe, while the milk as the cream leaves it 
rushes to the outer sides of the cylinder, whence it passes through 
a pipe to another cistern. In hand machines the only difference 
is the pouring in of milk by hand, and the outflowing of the 
separated milk and cream into pans or milk-pails. The spectacle 
is positively fascinating ; we never can go past a separator at 
work without pausing to admire this marvellous result of the 
application of a simple natural law to practice. How is it done ? 
is the question plainly indicated by the puzzled countenance of 
many a worthy farmer at the dairy shows. 
Important as this step onwards of the prompt separation of 
cream from the milk undoubtedly is, it has another and still greater 
advantage in its thoroughness. Very many trials have been made 
of separators and milk pans ; one will suffice here. Forty-three 
experiments were made at a trial in the Munster Dairy School, 
the averages from a given quantity of milk being 100 lbs. of butter 
from a Danish separator, 59 lbs. from milk set for twenty-four 
hours in open pans, 66 lbs. from that set for thirty-six hours, 
73 lbs. from the cream obtainable in forty-two hours, and 76 lbs. 
as the maximum quantity possible from skimming the cream for 
a period extending to fifty-four hours—a practical impossibility in 
very hot weather. This reminds us of another fact, which is that 
the separated milk is quite fresh, and is more valuable than 
skimmed milk, is a marketable commodity, and meets with a ready 
sale at a low price as separated milk. In Munster the share¬ 
holding farmers take away the separated milk from the creameries 
for the pigs. At the Glynde factory it is scalded as it comes from 
the separator in a Lawrence scalder at a temperature of 160°, and 
is sold to the dealers at 3£d. or 4d. a gallon, they retailing it at 
Hd. or 2d. a quart. 
The question is frequently raised, How are we to dispose of 
British butter ? That question was answered in general terms 
last week. Here is something more specific. With an output 
of 2000 lbs. of butter weekly at Lord Hampden’s Glynde factory 
the prices range from Is. 6d. per lb. from the beginning of 
October till the end of March to Is. 4d. in April and May, 
and 2d. less during summer, there being no limit to quantity, 
buyers are willing to take all they can get. For the butter 
made at Lord Spencer s dairy at Harleston about the same price 
is obtained, and there is a similar demand for it. 
Such landlords’ factories are an undoubted boon to tenants, 
but we are most anxious than tenant farmers should be induced 
to combine in the establishment of co-operative factories. If 
technical education can induce them to do so it will have done 
very much to restore prosperity to agriculture. One of the 
highest authorities upon the subject has laid it down that, a 
doing factory in the hands of an ordinary middleman, whose only 
object is to buy in the cheapest market and sell in the dearest 
is a source of injury to dairy farmers. Of course it is, and they 
must be shown how to do better for themselves. It is notorious 
how at middlemen’s factories the price given for milk is con¬ 
stantly falling ; factory profits undoubtedly mount up proportion¬ 
ately. The meek, submissive graziers go on accepting reductions 
of prices forced upon them, still supplying the milk, grumbling 
lustily and persistently, but doing positively nothing to improve 
or alter matters. We know of a shrewd middleman in the midlands 
who this season sold off all his cows, let his pastures, buys milk 
for his factories, avoids all risk from losses or sickness of cows, 
and all expense of keeping cows, simply because he has 
found he can get all the milk he wants at what is practically 
his own price. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Wherever steam tackle is available it should be kept going in field 
after field as crops are cleared. Light two-horse ploughs, easily used by 
boys, are also brought into use during harvest, at any rate while reaping 
is being done and the horses are not wanted except for the reaper. 
Every available hand must now be turned to account to save the corn 
and clean the land. We urge this upon the attention of our readers 
because the habit of slovenly practice, of leaving ploughing till winter 
or spring, is so general that even the few acres of arable land of dairy 
farms are as badly cultivated as the big fields of corn farms. Without 
due recognition of the importance of autumn tillage there cannot be 
clean land ; with it weeds are destroyed, soil well stirred and thrown up 
into ridges for winter, and a deep early seed bed in spring is a certainty. 
It is only light sandy soil that does not require ridging, all other is the 
better for it. 
Much clay burning has again been done, and a good dressing of it 
will be given to more of the heavy land deficient in mechanical division. 
There is nothing better to open up the soil, for promoting free and 
thorough drain action, and the circulation of air through the soil. That 
is our reason for burning clay, and we hold that a reason should be 
forthcoming for everything done on the farm. 
Lime fresh from the kiln at the rate of 60 bushels an acre is good 
for all land at intervals of five or six years, and is of especial value 
for clays ; it, too, divides the soil particles, as well as having a whole¬ 
some chemical action on it. We prefer using it in early autumn, placing 
it about the surface in small heaps ; it is soon slaked by absorption of 
atmospheric moisture, and is at once ploughed in. The tendency of 
this and all autumn tillage is the opening up, cleaning, and thorough 
division of soils. Get this well done, and leave fertilisers alone till the 
time draws near again for spring cropping. It is, of course, understood 
that winter corn must have the usual dressing of manures, using about 
a hundredweight per acre of sulphate of ammonia with the minerals 
for very poor land ; but where land is in good heart nitrogenous manure 
may be withheld till spring, when a timely dressing of nitrate of soda 
sets the plants growing freely, and goes far to promote a strong growth of 
straw and the development of full ears of large grain—a heavy crop in 
the full sense of the term, and we should be satisfied with nothing less. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Camden Square, London. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
Date. 
9 A.M. 
In the Day. 
1892. 
| Barometer 
at 32°, and 
| Sea Level. 
Hygrometer. 
Direc¬ 
tion of 
Temp, 
of soil 
at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Rain. 
August. 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Wind. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
Sun. 
On 
Grass. 
Sunday .. 7 
Inchs. 
30-028 
deg. 
62-4 
deg. 
59-3 
W. 
deg. 
61-9 
deg. 
71-3 
deg. 
57-6 
deg. 
110-7 
deg. 
51-8 
Inchs. 
0-052 
Monday .. 8 
29-911 
62-6 
58-9 
s.w. 
61-4 
78-4 
57-9 
122-9 
55-3 
0-124 
Tuesday .. 9 
29-916 
56-4 
54-2 
N.E. 
62-0 
63-7 
55-8 
103-0 
55-4 
_ 
Wednesday 10 
30-256 
54-6 
49-0 
N.E. 
60-3 
65-0 
50-6 
113-8 
49-3 
_ 
Thursday., 11 
30-253 
58-4 
51-4 
S.W. 
59-7 
72-3 
43-1 
112-4 
37-3 
_ 
Friday .. 12 
30-149 
63-3 
57-2 
S.W. 
59-9 
76-5 
49-9 
117-7 
44-6 
_ 
Saturday.. 13 
29-791 
69-2 
606 
s.w. 
60-4 
77-2 
50-7 
123-9 
43-8 
0 013 
30-043 
61-0 
55-8 
60-8 
72-1 
52-2 
114-9 
48-2 
0-189 
REMARKS. 
7th.—Rainy from 2 A.M. to 9 A.M. ; generally sunny from 11 a.m. to 1 p.M.; 
frequent spots of rain after, a slight shower at 3 P.M., and wet evening. 
8th.—Cloudy early; bright and sunny till 4 p.M.; occasional spots of rain after 
5 P.M. 
9th.—Rain early; overcast morning, with occasional spots of rain; a little sun in 
afternoon, and overcast again in evening. 
10th.—Overcast morning, sunny afternoon. 
11th.—Fine and generally sunny. 
12tli.—Bright sunny day; aurora between 9 and 10 P.M. 
13tli.—Sunny early, generally cloudy after 10 A.M.; slight showers in afternoon; fair 
evening. 
A rather cloudy week, but with no day entirely overcast. Temperature very near 
the average. — G. J. Symons. 
