September 15, 1892. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
251 
stands at say 76°, the wet-bulb thermometer should be about 69°, and at 
night if the dry thermometer registers 70°, the wet one should be 
about 66°. These figures are given as examples, but they will be found to 
vary considerably with the different changes of temperature and seasons. 
Forcing Choice Fruit, Flowers, and Tomatoes for Profit 
(Inquirer ) —Many kinds of fruits, flowers, and vegetables are forced 
profitably by those having a thorough knowledge of the business, 
gained from experience in establishments where the produce is dis¬ 
posed of in the markets. Some persons, however, are very successful 
who have little cultural knowledge but good business aptitude, by 
engaging a competent working foreman, well skilled in the economy 
of labour and the production of goods that meet a ready sale and bring 
the best prices, by their excellence and the manner in which they 
are packed or presented. Then the capitalist has merely to superintend 
the strictly business side, and avoid speculations that are often 
disastrous. With a knowledge gained by paying a premium, as you 
suggest, you may or may not acquire sufficient insight to grow the 
crops determined upon so as to be fairly remunerative. We have not 
much faith in premiums, however, though they are sometimes useful, 
and in some cases essential, in gaining access to places where oppor¬ 
tunities of becoming acquainted with special modes of culture are 
afforded. By all means acquire such knowledge by serving a time in 
not one only, but in two or three establishments, say a year or more 
in each, before commencing on your own account, and then we advise 
very thoughtful action, as profits are becoming less through increased and 
increasing home and foreign competition. If, after three years’ experience 
in large establishments, you find you have sufficient aptitude and busi¬ 
ness capacity to engage with confidence in the undertaking, and can 
clearly see your way to make it fairly remunerative, we do not see why 
you should not succeed well with a capital of £1000. There is another 
expedient—namely, become a partner with a person who has everything 
but capital essential to enlarging a business and making it a success. 
Fear Tree leaves Blistered ( Subscriberj —The leaves are 
severely infested with the Pear-leaf gall mite (Phytoptus pyrinum), 
which is invisible to the naked eye, and only just made visible by a 
good pocket lens. Under a powerful microscope the mite is a very 
interesting creature, with a long, slender, white body, two pairs of very 
short legs near the head, which is p de flesh in colour, and ends in a kind 
of conical projection containing the fine sword-shaped jaws, fitting on 
each other like scissor-blades, and with these and other very small 
mouth-apparatus the mite feeds on the tissues of the Pear leaves. The 
effect is that these leaves are very much injured, blistered spots result¬ 
ing ; these spots become brown or black, and are then very conspicuous, 
as in your case, by the depressed tufts, which were formerly believed to 
be caused by fungi (Erineum), but th.s has proved to be only hairs 
caused by the irritation of the mites. If the under side of the leaf is 
carefully examined a small hole will be found about the middle of each 
discoloured spot, giving passage to the mites to and from the interior of 
the leaf. By closely examining the blisters we found some excessively 
small white eggs with the mites emerging, also many shells of irregular 
shape from which the mites had hatched out. There were many dead 
mites in the blisters, and several alive near the blisters on the under 
side of the leaves; these mites are less than 1-200 inch in length and 
1-800 inch in breadth at the widest part. They were very active for a 
few minutes, moving about on the green parts of the leaves, but soon 
died, evidently perishing in the endeavour to bore or cut into the green 
parts of the leaves, and so find the food they were deprived of in the 
blisters by the drying of the tissues. We advise syringing the trees 
infested with a sulphur solution made by slaking 3 lbs. of quicklime in 
an iron copper, adding 2 lbs. of flowers of sulphur and 3 gallons of 
water, besides that used in slaking the lime. Mix and boil for a quarter 
of an hour, keeping stirred all the time. Allow the mixture to settle, 
and when cool pour off the clear liquid, place in stone bottles, and keep 
well corked in a dark place. Use a pint of the bi-sulphide of calcium, 
as the liquor is called, to 4 gallons of water, applying with a syringe or 
garden engine, wetting every part of the leaves, particularly the under 
aide. The application should be made without delay, and it may be 
repeated before the leaves are all down. Collect all the leaves as they 
fall and burn them, and when all are down remove the surface soil—the 
slightest skimming, with any leaves that remain, and burn it, supplying 
fresh soil in its place. As a preventive the trees may be syringed in 
spring, when the first leaves are about full-sized, with the following 
solution :—Dissolve 8 ozs. of softsoap in 4 gallons of boiling water, pour 
the soap solution on 1 lb. of sulphate of lime, keeping well stirred whilst 
the solution is slowly poured on, and when mixed and cooled to 90° apply 
to the trees so as to wet them in every part. Repeat early in June. 
Names of Fruits. — Notice. —Special attention is directed to the 
following decision, the object of which is to discourage the growth of 
inferior and promote the culture of superior varieties. In, consequence 
of the large number of worthless Apples and Pears sent to this office to 
be named , it has been decided to name only specimens and varieties of 
approved merit, and to reject the inferior , which are not worth sending 
or growing . The names and addresses of senders of fruit to be named 
must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether letters 
referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are not 
necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only six 
specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cannot 
be preserved. (£. M. Gerahty). —Worcester Pearmain, one of the most 
handsome and useful autumn dessert Apples for market. (7. Z>.).—1, 
Kerry Pippin ; 2, Grenadier ; 3, Irish Peach ; 4, Duchess of Oldenburg. 
<./. J. C.j.— On a first glance we thought the Plum was the Red Magnum 
Bonum, but on more closely examining the fruit we find the variety is 
a clingstone, and therefore conclude it is Pond’s Seedling. (I V.M.B.f — 
1, Bedfordshire Foundling; 2, Greenup’s Pippin ; 3, Herefordshire Beefing. 
Names of Plants. —We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, 
dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at 
once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(IF. IF.).—Leycesteria formosa. (R.Jj. —1, Is a Rudbeckia, perhaps 
lfevigata, but you do not mention the height; 2, Agrostemma coronaria ; 
3, Sidalcea Candida ; 4, Achillea Ptarmica fl. pi.; 5, Episcia (formerly 
Cyrtodeira) fulgida. 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley.— Plants, Roses, and Fruit Trees. 
Messrs. Krelage & Son, Haarlem, Holland.— Bulbs. 
Mr. G, Phippen, Reading.— Bulbs. 
Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, London, N.— 
Carnations , Picotees, Pceonies, Bulbs, and Hardy Perennials. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET. —September 14th. 
Market very flat indeed, with prices much depressed. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Apples, half sieve .. .. 
1 
0 to 
3 
6 
Oranges, per 100 .. .. 
4 
0 to 
9 
0 
Grapes, per lb. 
0 
6 
1 
G 
Peaches, per dozen .. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Filberts, Kent, per lb. .. 
0 
8 
0 
9 
Plums, per half sieve.. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Lemons, case . 
15 
0 
55 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each .. 
3 
0 
G 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. 
0 
2 to 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress, punnet 
0 
2 to 0 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bunch. 
0 
3 
0 
5 
Carrots, bunch. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Parsnips, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle . 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Coleworts, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Cucumbers, dozen .. .. 
1 
G 
3 
6 
Scorzonera, bundle .. .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen . 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Seakale, per basket .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Leeks, bunch .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel. 
3 
0 
3 
6 
Lettuce, dozen. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. 
0 
2 
0 
4 
Mushrooms, punnet .. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Turnips, bunch. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
'AVERAGE WHOLESALE PRICES.—OUT FLOWERS. 
Orchid Blooms in variety. 
s. 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 
to 4 0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches .. 
1 
0 to 3 
0 
Asters, English, doz. bnchs. 
2 
0 
6 0 
Myosotis or Forget-me-not, 
Bouvardias, bunch .. .. 
0 
6 
1 0 
dozen bunches. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Carnations, 12 blooms 
0 
6 
2 0 
Orchids, per dozen blooms 
2 
0 
8 
0 
Carnations, dozen bunches 
4 
0 
6 0 
Pansies, dozen bunches .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cornflower, dozen bunches 
1 
6 
3 0 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
„ scarlet, 12 bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
blooms . 
1 
0 
2 6 
Poppies (var.), doz. buuch 
1 
0 
4 
0 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
Primula (double) 12 sprays 
0 
6 
0 
9 
bunches . 
6 
0 
12 0 
Pyrethrum doz. bunches .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Eucharis, dozen. 
1 
0 
3 0 
Roses (indoor), dozen 
0 
9 
2 
0 
Fuchsias, per bunch .. .. 
0 
6 
1 0 
„ (outdoor), doz. bunch. 
2 
0 
G 
0 
Gardenias, per dozen 
2 
0 
4 0 
„ Red, per doz. blooms.. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Gladioli (various) 12 sprays 
1 
0 
2 0 
„ Tea, white, dozen .. 
0 
6 
2 
0 
Lavender, doz. bunches .. 
4 
0 
6 0 
„ Yellow, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Lilium longiflorum 12 
Stocks, dozen bunches 
3 
0 
5 
0 
blooms . 
2 
0 
4 0 
Sunflower, doz. bunches .. 
2 
0 
6 
■0 
Lilium (var.) doz. blooms 
0 
6 
2 0 
Sweet Sultan, doz. bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Maidenhair Fern, doz. bchs. 
4 
0 
6 0 
Sweet Peas, dozen bunches 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Marguerites, 12 bunches .. 
2 
0 
4 0 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms.. .. 
U 
3 
0 
6 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
s. 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Arbor Vitae (golden) dozen 
6 
0 to 12 0 
Geraniums, Ivy. 
4 
0 to 
6 
0 
Begonia, per dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 0 
Hydrangea, per dozen 
9 
0 
15 
0 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 
6 
0 
9 0 
Lobelia, per dozen .. .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
„ large plants, each 
1 
0 
3 0 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 
3 
0 
4 
o- 
Cupressus, large plants,each 
2 
0 
5 0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Dracaena terminalis. dozen 18 
0 
42 0 
Mignonette, per dozen 
4 
0 
G 
0 
„ viriuis, dozen .. 
9 
0 
24 0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Euonvmus. var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 0 
Palms, in var.. each .. .. 
1 
0 
15 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 0 
„ (specimens) .. .. 
21 
0 
63 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0 
18 0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
o 
0 
4 
0 
„ (small) per hundred 
6 
0 
8 0 
„ per dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Ficus eiastica, each .. 
1 
6 
5 0 
Tropseblum or Nasturtiums 
Foliage plant? var., each.. 
2 
0 
10 0 
per dozen. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Fuchsia, per dozen .. .. 
3 
0 
6 0 
SHELTER. 
Autumn comes on swiftly now, the nights are colder, with 
heavy dew, there is a suspicion of frost in the raw morning air, 
the valleys are shut in by mists which vanish slowly before the 
rising sun, and gusty winds sweep before them thi sere and 
yellow leaves of the Elms, which this year began falling before 
