September 22, 1892. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
273 
hold out little hope of its proving hardy enough to withstand an ordinary 
winter, and certainly not a severe one, with a single or even double 
thickness of mats wrapped around it. 
( Use of Tomato House In Winter (S. S.). —As you wish to 
start the Tomato plants so as to produce ripe fruit by the end of April 
or early in May, it will be necessary to raise plants from seed not later 
than the New Year; but plants from cuttings struck about this time, 
and wintered in small pots well up to the glass, are better for early 
supplies than plants from seeds. Roses in pots are hardly likely to pay 
tor bring to have the plants in flower at Christmas, unless they are now 
advanced in bud, and would only require a genial warmth to bring them 
into flower. Chrysanthemums for specimen blooms would be the most 
likely plants, as we fear the pipes are so arranged that Mushroom beds 
could not well be made ; but what we take for hot-water pipes on your 
not very clear plan may be ventilators, as you mention them at the 
bottom of the ends. If there is room we advise your growing Mush¬ 
rooms, making up the beds at once, and they will produce well at 
midwinter. We presume you have another structure in which the 
tomato plants can be forwarded. 
Black Hamburgh Grapes not Colouring (F. J.).~ The chief 
cause of Grapes not colouring well is overcropping. That we think is 
your case, as the Vines are perfectly healthy and have not been infested 
with insects or mildew. The removal of a large quantity of foliage at 
one time, or allowing more to be made than can have full exposure to 
nght, and then having to thin it so as to admit a fair amount of light 
and air, is sufficient to account for the defects in colouring. Ample 
supplies of nourishment at the roots are of little use unlesAhe Vines 
have plenty of foliage, so disposed as to elaborate it. Though Black 
Grapes colour better under a good spread of foliage the Vines must not 
be allowed to become crowded with spray, so as to hinder the principal 
leaves from performing their functions, but should be kept well in hand 
by judicious pinching. This has perhaps been neglected in your case, 
and we fear little can now be done as the season is so far advanced, but 
we should keep the temperature 5° less at night, so as to give the Vines 
some rest, admitting air early in the day with a little at night as at 
present. 
Thermometer Scale ( Learner ).—Fahrenheit’s is used chiefly in 
Britain, Holland, and North America, the freezing point of water on 
which is at 32° ; and the boiling point, 212°. Reaumur’s thermometer 
was that chiefly used in France before the Revolution, and is that now 
generally used in Spain, and in some other continental States. In its 
scale the freezing point is 0° ; and the boiling point 80°. On Celsius or 
the Centigrade thermometer, now used throughout France and in the 
northern kingdoms of Europe, the freezing point is 0° ; and the boiling 
point 100°. Hence, to reduce degrees of temperature of the Centigrade 
thermometer and of that of Reaumur to degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale, 
and conversely :—Rule 1, Multiply the Centigrade degrees by 9, and 
divide the product by 5; or multiply the degrees of Reaumur by 9, 
and divide by 4 ; then add 32 to the quotient in either case, and the 
sum is the degrees of temperature of Fahrenheit’s scale. Rule 2, From 
the number of degrees on Fahrenheit’s scale subtract 32 ; mul¬ 
tiply the remainder by 5 for Centigrade degrees, or by 4 for those 
of Reaumur’s scale, and the product, in either case, being divided by 
D, will give the temperature required according to Fahrenheit’s. 
Orchids from Trinidad (£. A'.). —The names of the Orchids 
which you have received from Trinidad are by no means clear. When 
they bloom, a few flowers and a leaf should be sent to the office, so that 
the right names may be given. Judging from the information in your 
letter we should say that the plants are (1) Oncidium citrinum, which 
has citron-coloured flowers, borne on racemes a foot long ; it flowers 
in the spring, and was introduced from Central America in 1848. 
(2) Oncidium Baueri, which has long pseudo-bulbs and leaves, and bears 
long panicled spikes of yellow flowers. This and the foregoing should 
be potted in peat and sphagnum, and always kept moist. They require 
an intermediate temperature. (3) Oncidium Lanceanum, which, when 
in good condition, is a valuable plant. It has long leaves and erect 
spikes of large beautifully scented flowers, dull yellow marked with 
chocolate ; the lip is a pale violet colour. This plant requires a stove 
■temperature, and when growth has finished may be kept rather dry 
until started again. It should be grown in baskets suspended near the 
glass. (4) Rodriguezia secunda, which is a native of Trinidad, and should 
be grown in baskets, in peat and sphagnum, in a stove temperature ; 
it must be kept moist, and in the autumn should produce spikes about 
B inches long, carrying many small deep rose-coloured flowers. 
names of Fruits.— Notice. —Special attention is directed to the 
following decision, the object of which is to discourage the growth of 
inferior and promote the culture of superior varieties. In consequence 
of the large number of worthless Apples and, Pears sent to this office to 
be named , it has been decided to name only specimens and varieties of 
approved merit, and to reject the inferior, which are not worth sending 
or growing . The names and addresses of senders of fruit to be named 
must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether letters 
referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are not 
necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only six 
specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cannot 
be preserved. (P. k Sons'). —We cannot attempt to name the Apple with 
confidence, all the specimens being more or less distorted. (P. C. L.). — 
3, Apparently a nameless local Apple. 4, Duchess of Oldenburg. 5, 
Golden Spire. We do not undertake to name Plums unless portions of 
summer shoots are sent with them, as has been stated before. (<7. IF). 
—The Apple is Cellini ; the purple Plum Cooper’s Large, and the other 
Washington. (6'. F. II.). —1, Emperor Alexander; 2, Bedfordshire 
Foundling; 3, Early Julyan. Some specimens received as we are 
preparing for press will be named next week. 
Names of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, 
dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at 
once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(A . J. L .).—Eurya latifolia variegata ; it would probably succeed under 
the conditions indicated in your locality.-A correspondent sends a 
small box containing one specimen with a yellow flower, packed in 
moss. There is no letter, and the post mark is illegible. The specimen 
is Cassia corymbosa, figured on page 233 of last week’s issue. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— September 21st. 
Market very flat indeed, with prices much depressed. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Apples, half sieve .. , 
1 
0 to 3 
6 
Oranges, per 100 .. .. 
4 
0 
to 9 
0 
Grapes, per lb. .. .. .. 
0 
6 
1 
6 
Peaches, per dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Filberts, Kent, per 100 lbs. 
75 
0 
80 
0 
Plums, per half sieve.. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Lemons, case . 
15 
0 
35 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Beaus, Kidney, per lb. 
0 
2 
to 0 
0 
Mustard and Cress, punnet 
0 
2 to 0 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen. 
l 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bunch . 
0 
3 
0 
5 
Carrots, bunch. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Parsnips, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle . 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Coleworts, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
G 
Cucumbers, dozen .. .. 
1 
6 
3 
6 
Scorzonera, bundle .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen . 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Seakale, per basket .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Leeks, bunch . 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel. 
3 
0 
3 
6 
Lettuce, dozen. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. 
0 
2 
0 
4 
Mushrooms, punnet .. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Turnips, bunch. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
[AVERAGE 
WHOLESALE 
PRICES.—OUT FLOWERS. 
Orchid Blooms in variety. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 
to 4 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches .. 
l 
0 to 3 
0 
Asters, English, doz. bnchs. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Myosotis or Forget-me-not, 
Bouvardias, bunch .. .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
dozen bunches. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Carnations, 12 blooms 
0 
6 
2 
0 
Orchids, per dozen blooms 
3 
0 
12 
0 
Carnations, dozen bunches 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pansies, dozen bunches .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cornflower, dozen bunches 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 
4 
0 
G 
0 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
„ scarlet, 12 bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
blooms . 
1 
6 
2 
G 
Poppies (var.), doz. bunch 
1 
0 
4 
0 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
Primula (double) 12 sprays 
0 
6 
0 
9 
bunches . 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Pyrethrum doz. bunches .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Eucharis, dozen . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Roses (indoor), dozen 
0 
9 
2 
0 
Fuchsias, per bunch .. .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
„ (outdoor), doz. bunch. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Gardenias, per dozen 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ Red, per doz. blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Gladioli (various), 12 sprays 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„ Tea, white, dozen .. 
0 
6 
2 
0 
Lavender, doz. bunches .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
„ Yellow, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Lilium longiflorum 12 
Stocks, dozen bunches 
3 
0 
5 
0 
blooms . 
3 
0 
5 
0 
Sunflower, doz. bunches .. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Lilium (var.) doz. blooms 
0 
6 
2 
0 
Sweet Sultan, doz. bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Maidenhair Fern, doz. bchs. 
0 
0 
6 
0 
Sweet Peas, dozen bunches 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Marguerites, 12 bunches .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms. . .. 
0 
3 
0 
6 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
S. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Arbor Vitae (golden) dozen 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Heliotrope, per dozen .. 
G 
0 to 9 
0 
Begonia, per dozen .. . . 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Hydrangea, per dozen 
9 
0 
15 
0 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Lilium lancifolium „ 
12 
0 
15 
0 
„ large plants, each 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Lobelia, per dozen .. .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Cupressus, large plants.each 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Dracrena terminalis. dozen 18 
0 
42 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
„ viridis, dozen .. 
9 
0 
24 
0 
Mignonette, per dozen 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Euonvmus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Palms, in var., each .. .. 
1 
0 
15 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0 
18 
0 
„ (specimens) .. .. 
21 
0 
63 
0 
„ (small) per hundred 
6 
0 
8 
0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
o 
0 
4 
0 
Ficus eiastica, each .. .. 
1 
6 
5 
0 
„ per dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Foliage plants, var., each.. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
Solanums, per dozen .. .. 
15 
0 
18 
0 
Fuchsia, per dozen .. .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Tropteolum or Nasturtiums 
Geraniums, Ivy. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
per dozen. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
AGRICULTURAL REFORM. 
Here is the title of our article, for whatever it may be 
worth; but as it was written the thought occurred, “ Would not 
estate reform be more to the purpose ?” 'The gravity of the 
situation deepens in intensity for those farmers who cling to 
Wheat and stock, no profit, but actual loss, being the record of 
most of them. “ Whatever shall us do now, then ?” was the 
