322 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ October 13, 1892. 
I believe yet brighter gems lie hidden undeveloped in the forms 
of these species and their varieties.” 
The double yellow Rose (R. sulphurea) was introduced about 
1029, also the Evergreen Rose (R. sempervirens), while the Boursault 
Rose came in 1683. More than 100 years elapsed before the intro¬ 
duction of the Chinese Rose (R. indica) which served, as the 
following extract shows, as a portion of the foundation of the great 
H.P. class. 
“ From the Chinese crossed with the Gallica or French Roses 
have sprung the Hybrid Chinese, one of the finest groups of the 
whole. From these, again crossed with the Bourbons and Damask 
Perpetuals, have arisen another admirable group, the Hybrid 
Perpetual. These are, in reality, Hybrid Chinese continuing to 
flower during autumn, and are very hardy Roses.” 
Pursuing the historical portion of the subject, which cannot fail to 
interest many, we find that the Macartney Rose (R. bracteata) was 
introduced in 1795, Rosa multiflora in 1804, Rosa Banksise in 1807, 
and the Tea-scented, which, like the Banksian and others, came 
from China, in 1810. R. Lawrenciana was also introduced in 1810, 
and the Noisette was sent to Paris from America, “where it was 
supposed to have been raised from a cross between R. indica and 
R. moschata” in 1817. Doubtless it reached England very little 
later. The same might be hazarded of the Bourbon Rose, sent 
to France from the Mauritius in 1822, R. microphylla was 
introduced in 1828, and R. rubifolia in 1830. We need not quote 
the cultural remarks of these on pruning, but in reading them 
with the recollection that they were written nearly half a 
century ago we recognise that they outlived the recognised 
practice of to-day. 
“A Plea for Summer Roses,” published in 1846; “Morning 
Rambles in the Rose Gardens of Hertfordshire,” published in 1849 ; 
and “ Tea-scented Roses as Conservatory Climbers,” also published 
in 1849, contain much of interest and instruction, but there is still 
more in the series commenced in 1863. This consisted of a general 
opening article, two chapters on summer Roses, five on autumnal 
varieties, one on Tea-scented, and a final one on brief rules of 
culture. Rose shows, garden Roses, bedding Roses, thoughts on 
Roses, fast life among the Roses, Roses and Rose showing, Roses 
in pots, Roses at the Royal Botanic Society, and Roses and Rose 
shows, all form pleasant and profitable chapters. One of the most 
valuable in the book, however, is that on “ the Grouping of the 
Garden Varieties of Roses,” read at a conference of the Royal 
Horticultural Society in 1889, thus bringing the book up to a 
comparatively recent date ; while the last, on town Roses, which 
appeared in our columns in July of the present year, forms a 
practical and useful conclusion of Part I. 
In no way inferior in interest or value are the numerous com¬ 
munications gathered together in Part II. on trees and plants, which 
are excellent in themselves and a striking proof of the versatility 
of the author. He deals with such diversified subjects as the 
varieties of the common Yew, the varieties of English Holly, 
landscape gardening, ornamental planting, hardy pictorial trees, 
trees and shrubs in large towns, an hour with the Hollyhock 
Hyacinths, Zonal Pelargoniums in winter, spring flowers, and 
Camellias. The chapter on the latter is very complete and full of 
information on culture and varieties. Half a dozen questions 
propounded by Mr. Paul and then answered are worth quoting with 
their replies. 
“ 1, Why are Camellias scrubby ?—Answer, Because in cutting 
off the flowers they are usually cut with long stalks, and thus the 
eyes or wood-buds best stored with food are cut away and the 
new growth thrown on to eyes with a limited supply of food at 
their command. Or, as another and wholly distinct cause, insufficient 
heat or moisture is supplied during the period of growth. 
^ “ 2, Why are Camellias mis-shapen ?—Answer, Because the 
trees are not pruned sufficiently, or are pruned at the wrong season. 
“ 3, Why are Camellias so often seen bearing feeble branches ?— 
Answer, Because they are not sufficiently nourished. This may be 
that they are grown in an unsuitable soil ; it may be that too little 
moisture and heat are given during the period of growth ; or it 
may be that the soil becomes soddened from insufficient drainage 
or too much water when the plants are not growing or flowering. 
“ 4, Why are the leaves of Camellias yellow ?—Answer, Because 
grown in an unsuitable soil, or kept too dry when flowering and 
growing, or too wet when in a state of comparative rest. 
“ 5, Why do the flowers of Camellias expand indifferently ?— 
Answer, It is with Camellias as with Roses, some kinds—Valtavaredo, 
for example—are so full, or the petals are so tightly folded, that 
the flowers will not expand fully in our climate without the aid of 
heat. However healthy and satisfactory the plants may otherwise 
be, such kinds require more heat and moisture than is good for 
others so soon as the buds show colour. But the same phenomenon 
is sometimes met with even in kinds not over-double. The cause, 
then, is unsuitability of soil, or too much or too little water. 
“ 6, Why do the flowers drop off before expansion ?—Answer, 
This is natural to some kinds, of which the Waratah is an example, 
and such kinds should be avoided. In other cases the causes are 
similar to those which bring about indifferent expansion—namely, 
bad soil and injudicious management of watering.” 
An important contribution to the third portion of the work is 
the article on fruit culture for profit in the open air in England, 
which was read before the Society of Arts in 1889. Mr. Paul sets 
forth the pros and cons fairly and moderately, supplementing 
them with much practical advice and information. He points 
out the advantages and disadvantages of our climate for profitable 
fruit culture, and indicates the salient features of successful 
procedure, notably the importance of a judicious selection of 
varieties. 
“ In this part of the business,” says the author, “ there is, 
perhaps, no guide so safe as that of actual experience. Sorts that 
are known to grow well and bear well in any particular district 
may, provided the produce sells well, be safely planted there. But 
this experience is always limited. Valuable guides in the selection 
of sorts are also to be found in the period of flowering and the 
frost-resisting powers of the blossoms. 
“ As regards the period of flowering, some sorts flower early, 
others late. A difference of three or four days often makes the 
difference of a crop or no crop, as in those three or four days a 
frost happens that destroys the embryo of the early or expanded 
blossoms, which leaves the unfolded buds unscathed, and this frost 
may not occur again in the same season. Then as to the frost- 
resisting power of the blossoms. This is not the same in all cases ; 
some varieties appear naturally less susceptible of frost than others. 
Again, in some I have observed that the embryo is better protected 
by the size, form, and substance of the petals which surround it. 
In some cases the petals, when unfolding, fall into a horizontal 
position, leaving the embryo fully exposed ; in others they remain 
incurved, offering material protection. Then the substance of 
the petals differs considerably, practically almost to the extent of 
the difference in our own clothing between a summer and a 
winter coat. 
“ It has often been a matter of surprise to me that these 
important facts have not commanded more attention from our 
horticulturists. Here statistics would be of immense value to the 
cultivator, and those who have the leisure and inclination to pro¬ 
vide them would be rendering a national service in doing so.” 
Here correct observation is supplemented by a suggestion, the 
adoption of which would lead to the dissemination of much 
valuable information. The difference in substance observable in 
the blossom of different varieties of Apples forms the subject of 
another useful contribution, which originally appeared in our 
columns in 1890. This, and a table accompanying it, shows the 
date of flowering, the name, size, and shape of the flowers, the 
shape of the petals, and the substance of the latter of ninety- 
five varieties of Apples, and should be studied by every fruit 
grower. 
Space only permits of a brief reference to other chapters, such 
as that on “ The Literature of Ancient and Modern Gardening,” 
read before the Royal Society of Literature in 1887, and we must 
conclude the imperfect record of more than one pleasant hour 
with Mr. Paul’s work by the expression of a hope that the writer, 
who has added strength and dignity to horticultural literature 
for half a century, may have many year3 in which to use his pen 
for the pleasure and enlightenment of the generation growing up 
around him. 
