January 24,1895. 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
85 
weather haa become settled, or in June, placing them outdoors, the 
Cherries being placed in the house in spring and continued therein until 
the fruit is gathered, then the trees may be taken outside. This is 
better practice in the south of England than keeping the plants con¬ 
stantly under glass. 
Frunlngr an Apple Tree (Jf. G. T.'). —Do not wait till next year 
before pruning the growths from the scions, as obviously Uhat would 
necessitate cutting back into two-year-old wood. Shorten them now, 
but if the production of fruit is of greater consideration to you than the 
form and outline of the tree, perhaps the less they are shortened the 
better. If you particularly want a formal pyramid, pruning must be 
resorted to for producing it, but the closer you prune the more you will 
retard the bearing of the tree. Apple trees do not make good and 
productive pyramids, their natural habit of growth differing from Pears. 
If early fruitfulness is your chief object you had better limit the 
pruning to the removal of any soft unripe tips from the shoots. 
Sresslngr Vines wltb Iilme and Sulphur [Nemo'). — An 
excellent insecticide and fungicide of proved efficacy is given herewith, 
and will doubtless be what you are in need of. Take 7 lbs. of flowers 
of sulphur and 7 lbs. of quicklime, boil together for fifteen minutes in 
3 gallons of water, then add 2 lbs. of softsoap and 1 lb. of strongest shag 
tobacco, boiling all together for half an hour, adding 9 gallons of water, 
keeping it well stirred. Allow it to cool, then strain, and when settled 
take off the clear liquid, place in earthenware bottles, keeping them 
closely corked. In its pure state it may be used for dressing Vines and 
other fruit trees when at rest, applying it with a brush, taking care not 
to injure or dislocate the buds. For syringing Peach and other fruit trees 
during growth 1 pint to 3 gallons of water is a suitable quantity, and 
efficacious against insects and mildew. It must not be applied over 
Vines in growth, as it is apt to leave a deposit on the berries similar 
to stain marks occasioned by using hard or lime water. If used over 
Cucumbers or Melons, as well as plants with hairy leaves, half a pint is 
a full quantity to add to 3 gallons of water. 
Decomposed Seaweed (^Seaside). —The constituents vary accord¬ 
ing to the different plants or Seaweeds. Fucus digitatus contains 
20*66 per cent, of potash, 7 65 soda, 6 86 magnesia, 10’94 lime, 
2’36 phosphoric acid, 12'33 sulphuric acid, 144 silica, 0 57 peroxide of 
iron, and 26 18 chloride of sodium. Fucus serratus contains 3 98 per 
cent, potash, 18’67 soda, 10-29 magnesia, 14-41 lime, 3 89 phosphoric 
acid, 18 59 sulphuric acid, 0 38 silica, 0 30 peroxide of iron, 16 56 
chloride of sodium. In the green state Seaweeds supply chiefly nitrogen 
and potash to a soil, decomposing rapidly, and are excellent manure, 
but a quantity is needed—viz., 20 to 30 tons per acre. They should be 
used as a potasso-nitrogenous manure. Reduced to mould their value 
is similar in furthering plant growth to leaf soil, differing only in the 
enlarged amounts of potash and soda, and may be used in the same 
way. Dried and burnt the constituents would be as given above, but 
the value of the soil would be gone, the mineral only remaining, and 
chiefly valuable for its potash, soda, and phosphoric acid. In the mould 
state the organic matter would contribute considerably to plant growth, 
mainly from the humus, though the carbonic and nitrogenous elements 
would act beneficially. It may be used for the plants you name to the 
extent of one-third of loam, or if the loam be turfy a fourth would be 
sufficient, as its action would be directed to increase foliage, and in 
plenty of light to improve the colour of foliage and flowers. 
Tomato and Cucumber Fertilisers QCross). — The compound 
advised for Tomatoes on December 27th, 1894, should be used every 
fortnight or three weeks, or, if that is likely to impart too much vigour, 
at more distant intervals, say four or six weeks. Instead of the hoof 
and horn dust we should use nitrate of soda, which is a better form of 
nitrogen than that generated or evolved from animal matter, and is 
inimical to, while the other favours eelworm. The thing is to avoid 
clubbing altogether, upon which our advice was founded. Chlorophyll 
is stated to be mainly due to the presence of iron, but that is mere 
conjecture in many cases, as ammonia or nitric acid puts more green 
into plants than any other element. Iron is, however, absolutely 
essential to the formation of chlorophyll, but its activity, or the power 
of assimilation, depends on the extent of its nitrogenisation. The super¬ 
phosphate advised is that of dissolved bones, not fermented, but treated 
with sulphuric acid. Mineral superphosphate is safer to use, as regards 
eelworm, than fermented bone compound, which often favours visible 
larvm as well as micro-organisms. For the Cucumbers you may add a 
half part of sulphate of iron to the mixture, and apply as before advised. 
A slight sprinkling of soot would give you both the iron and ammonia, 
60 essential for colour in the foliage and fruit of Cucumbers, using it 
alternately with the mixture recommended without the sulphate of iron, 
for the soil can hardly he deficient of iron; or it may be secured by 
using some of the gravelly subsoil with the compost as opening material. 
Names of Plants.— We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm 
boxes. Slightly damp moss, soft green grass, or leaves form the best 
packing, dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named 
at once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(T. R. <S).—Euonymus radicans variegata. (^Erica). —1, Trichomanes 
reniforme ; 2, T. radicans ; 3, T. tricoideum. (S, M. R .).—1, Gleichenia 
flabellata ; 2, Hermitelia horrida ; 3, Dictyogramma japonica; 
4, Gleichenia Speluncae. QOrchidist). —1, Cypripedium Harrisianum ; 
2 , C. villosnm; 3, Laslia anceps, very fine form. (X. E, C.). — 
1 , Cattleya Percivalliana; 2, Lmlia anceps. 
OOVENT GARDEN MARKET. —January 23rd, 
Market practically at a standstill for home produce. Supplies reaching us 
principally from the Colonies. Grapes firmer, many growers being nearly finished. 
FRUIT 
s. 
d. 
b. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
9. 
d 
Apples, per half sieve 
1 
G 
to 4 
6 
Lemons, case .. ,. 
10 
0 to 15 
0 
„ Nova Scotia, per 
Peaches, per doz. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
barrel. 
10 
0 
21 
0 
Plums, half sieve .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Grapes, per lb. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Gobs, per 100 lbs. 
20 
0 
21 
0 
Strawberries per lb. .. 
• « 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES, 
6. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
B. 
d. 
B. 
d. 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. .. 
0 10 
to 1 
0 
Mustard and Oress, punnet 
0 
2 to 
0 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bushel .. .. 
3 
6 
4 
0 
Carrots, bunch. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Parsley, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. .. 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Parsnips, dozen ., .. 
1 
0 
0 
6 
Celery, bundle . 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Potatoes, per cwt. .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Ooleworts, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle .. .. 
1 
0 
1 
5 
Cucumbers, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
8 
0 
Seakale, per basket .. 
1 
3 
1 
9 
Endive, dozen . 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Scorzonera, bundle .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Herbs, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Leeks, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel ., 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Lettuce, dozen. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Tomatoes. per lb. .. 
0 
2 
0 
6 
Mushrooms, punnet ,, .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Turnips, bunch .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE PRICES.—OUT FLOWERS.—Orchid Blooms in variety. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
6 
0 
to 8 
0 
Pyrethrum, dozen bunches 
2 
0 to 
4 
0 
Azalea, dozen sprays .. .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Roses (indoor), dozen .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Asparagus Fern, per bunch 
2 
0 
3 
0 
„ Tea, white, dozen 
0 
6 
2 
0 
Bouvardias, bunch .. ,, 
0 
6 
1 
0 
„ YeUow, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Oarnalions, 12 blooms 
1 
6 
3 
0 
„ Safrano (English),doz. 
1 
S 
2 
0 
Ohrysanthemums,doz.bchs. 
4 
0 
12 
0 
., Mar6chal Niel, doz... 
3 
0 
S 
0 
„ doz. blooms 
1 
0 
4 
0 
„ (French), yellow, doz. 
Eucharis, dozen. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
blooms. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Gardenias, per dozen .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ (French), Red, dozen 
Geranium, scarlet, doz. 
blooms . 
2 
0 
2 
s 
bunches. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Smilax, per bunch .. .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Lilac (French! per bunch 
5 
0 
6 
0 
Stephanotis, dozen sprays 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Lilium longiflorum, per 
Tuberoses. 12 blooms.. .. 
0 
4 
0 
s 
dozen . 
G 
0 
9 
0 
Violets (English), dozen 
Marguerites, 12 bunches . . 
1 
6 
3 
0 
bunches . 
1 
6 
2 
6 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
Violets (French), Parme, 
bunches . 
4 
0 
6 
0 
per bunch . 
5 
0 
6 
0 
Orchids, per dozen blooms 
1 
6 
12 
0 
Violets (French), Czar, per 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 
6 
0 
9 
0 
bunch . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Primula (double), dozen 
Violets (French), Victoria, 
sprays . 
0 
6 
1 
0 
dozen bunches . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Poinsettia, dozen blooms .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
8 . 
<L 
Arbor Vit® (golden) dozen 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0tol8 
0 
Aspidistra, per dozen 
18 
0 
36 
0 
(small) per hundred 
4 
0 
6 
3 
Aspidistra, specimen ant 
5 
0 
10 
6 
Ficus eiastica, each .. .. 
1 
0 
7 
0 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Foliage plants, var., each 
2 
0 
10 
0 
,. large, per doz. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Cyclamen, per dozen .. 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Dracmna, various, dozen .. 
12 
0 
30 
0 
Myrtles, dozen . 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Dracmna viridis, dozen .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Palms, in var.. each .. .. 
1 
0 
15 
0 
Erica, various, per dozen .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
„ (specimens) ,. .. 
21 
0 
€3 
0 
Euonvmus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Poinsettia, per dozen 
10 
0 
15 
0 
Evergreens, in var., per 
Primulas, per dozen .. .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
dozen . 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Solanums, per dozen .. .. 
10 
0 
12 
0 
THE DAIRY IN WINTER. 
A DRY building and an even temperature of 55° are now 
regarded by dairy experts as fundamentals on which successful 
butter-making depends in a high degree. The dry building is 
much more common than the even temperature. A thatched 
roof, north aspect, and good ventilation answer perfectly in the 
summer; but during the winter the proper temperature can 
only be maintained by means of a furnace and flue, or a couple 
of hot-water pipes running round the dairy. In good modern 
dairies attention is given to this, as well as to convenience for 
ripening cream—a matter of the first importance, because when 
well done the churning is more certain and more expeditious ; 
the butter is of superior flavour and better texture, and there 
is at least 7 per cent more of it. If, as a prelude to skilful 
ripening, a separator is used we obtain a maximum result in 
quantity, as it is claimed for the separator that with it milk 
yields from 15 to 20 per cent, more butter than when it is set 
in pans, 
A little consideration should bring conviction to the mind of 
every sensible dairy manager that the separator does much more 
than th’8. That it does extract more cream from the milk than 
is possible by using milk pans is certain; but in adlition to 
this, if the milk is separated immediately after the milking the 
