May 16, 1895. 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER, 
4U 
time, when at least one-fifoh of old mortar rubbish should be mixed 
with the soil, this being made quite firm. In the meanwhile keep 
the soil as dry as you can without distressing the foliage of the trees 
and the growths rather thin, admitting air freely on all favourable 
occasions, especially in the early part of the day. The fruits, which 
appear to be Brown Turkey, have safely passed the flowering stage and 
contain numbers of seeds quite clean and healthy, but at the upper 
part of the fruit some of the pericarps are discoloured and their 
substance destroyed. If you cut one open and examine it just within 
the “ eye ” you will see this destroyed and brown decaying matter, 
also that it extends inwards from the eye. Now, when this eye was 
open for flowering the spore of a fungus gained access, and the growths 
from that have produced the mischief. Later you will find that a spot 
appears on the apex of the fruit affected, something that develops 
outgrowths, and usually of a pink or salmon colour. This is the “ spot ” 
fungus (Gr'seosporium Ireticolor). You may dress the hot-water pipes 
lightly with a cream formed of flowers of sulphur and skim milk, the 
fumes from which are inimical to the fungus spores germinating, or 
put the sulphur in shallow vessels or saucers, just covering it with water 
and place in the house so that the sun can act directly upon them. 
In the winter the wall and trees may be washed with a solution of 
copperas (sulphate of iron), 1 lb. to a gallon of water, applying with 
a half-worn paint brush to the trees in a careful manner, but wetting 
every part, while for the wall form an ordinary whitewash consistence 
by the addition of quicklime. Burn all affected fruits. The smaller 
ones are not affected, and they will ripen if the fungus is kept at bay, 
ventilating freely, and providing otherwise suitable conditions for 
attaining the desired object. 
African Palm Oil (//. TF. G .).—The Palm oil of Africa is ex¬ 
tracted from the tree called Elais guineensis. It is found throughout 
the whole of the east coast of Central Africa, whence it has been 
introduced to the West Indies and South America, where it is cultivated 
for its oil. The tree attains to the height of 30 feet. The leaves are 
15 feet long, and their footstalks, for 4 feet below the leaflets, are armed 
with hooked spines. The flowers have a strong and peculiar smell, like 
aniseeds mixed with Chervil leaves. The fruit forms an immense head, 
consisting of a great number of bright orange-coloured drupes, having 
an oily pulp and a stone in the centre, and it is from these drupes that 
the oil is obtained. The fruit is first bruised in wooden mortars to a 
paste, and this paste is then boiled in water; a reddish or orange- 
coloured oil rises to the surface, and is removed after the whole has been 
allowed to cool. When fresh it has an agreeable odour of Violets, and 
an oily consistence ; but as it is removed into cooler regions it acquires 
the solidity of butter. This oil is called ghea (butter) by the natives, 
and is universally employed by them as butter is in Europe, and with it 
they daily anoint their bodies. The quantity of Palm oil now imported 
to this country is enormous. It is employed in the manufacture of 
candles, toilet soaps, and common hard soaps ; and very extensively in 
antifrictions for the wheels of railway carriages. Palm oil contains 31 
of stearin, and 69 of olein. Besides this oil, which is also called Palm 
butter, there is another oil obtained from the nuts by expression ; and 
by boiling these nuts the natives make an excellent Palm soup. The 
tree yields from its trunk an abundance of Palm wine. 
XiTames of Fruits. — Notice .—We have pleasure in naming good 
typical fruits (when the names are discoverable) for the convenience of 
regular subscribers, who are the growers of such fruit, and not col¬ 
lectors of specimens from non-su&cribers. This latter procedure is 
wholly irregular, and we trust that none of our readers will allow 
themselves to be made the mediums in infringing our rules. Special 
attention is directed to the following decision, the object of which is 
to discourage the growth of inferior and promote the culture of superior 
varieties. In consequence of the large num ber of worthless Apples and 
Pears sent to this office to he named., it has been decided to name only 
specimens and varieties of approved merit, and to reject the inferior, 
which are not worth sending or growing. The names and addresses of 
senders of fruit to be named must in all cases be enclosed with the 
specimens, whether letters referring to the fruit are sent by post or 
not. The names are not necessarily required for publication, initials 
sufficing for that. Only six specimens can be named at once, and any 
beyond that number cannot be preserved. They should be sent on the 
first indication of change towards ripening. Dessert Pears cannot be 
named in a hard green state. {Jaehj. — The Apple is Northern 
Greening, also called the John Apple—a very useful variety. (F, M). 
—Gooseberry Apple, one of the latest keepers of all. 
Names of Plants.— We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seeds and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm 
boxes. Slightly damp moss, soft green grass, or leaves form the best 
packing, dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named 
at once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(<r. P.).—1, Ribes aureum; 2. Asparagus deflexus. (5. P. S .').— 
Cattleya Mendeli. (^C. J. IF),—1, Saxifraga oppositifolia; 2, 
Sempervivum arboreum; 3, Kennedya rubicunda; 4, Leptospermum 
scoparlum. (J/, P.).—1, Phlebodium aureum; 2, Cyrtomium falcatum ; 
3, Woodwardia radicans; 4, Fteris longifolia; 5, Asplenium biforme; 
O, Adiantum pedatum. (iV. 0. 3/.).—1, Epimedium alpinum; 2, 
Cerasus padus (Bird Cherry); 3, Exochorda grandiflora. (,M. J .').— 
Bracbysema lanceolata. (./. //’.).—1, Polygala Chamsebuxus; 2, 
P. Dalmaisiana. (P. II. /.).—!, Amelanchier Botryapium; 2, 
Ranunculus amplexicaulis ; 3, Phlox subulata ; 4, Cardamine pratensis 
flore-pleno; 5, Corydalis nobilis; 6, Saxifraga (Megasea) crassifolia. 
(f?. A’’. A.)—A Haemanthus, probably cinnabarinus. These plants are 
frequently grown in this country. (^G. II. P).—1, Specimen withered, 
possibly an Amelanchier, send fresh ; 2, Amelanchier Botryapium (the 
Snowy Mespilus); 3, totally insufficient: 4, Ophiopogon Jaburan 
variegatus. 
GARDENERS’ CSARITABLE AND PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTIONS. 
The Ga.rden’ers’ Royal Benevolent Institution. — Secretary, 
Mr. G. J. Ingram, 50, Parliament Street, London, W.C. 
United Horticultural Benefit and Provident Society.— 
Secretary, Mr. W. Cjllins, 9, Martindale Road, Balham, London, S.W. 
Royal Gardeners’ Orphan Fund. — Secretary, Mr. A. F. Barron, 
Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick, London, W. 
OOVENT GARDEN MARKET.— May 13th. 
Trade steady, with tall supplies. 
Apples, per halt sieve 
FRUIT. 
Tasmanian, 
case .. 
bundle 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. 
Beet, Red, dozen , • .. 
Carrots, bunch .. .. 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. 
Celery, bundle .. .. 
Cucumbers, dozen .. 
Endive, dozen .. .. 
Herbs, bunch .. .. 
Leeks, bunch ,. .. 
Lettuce, dozen .. ., 
Mushrooms, punnet .. 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
Azalea, dozen sprays .. .. 
Asparagus Fern, per bunoh 
Bouvardias, bunoh .. .. 
Carnations, 12 blooms 
Daffodils, (dbl.),doz. bchs. 
„ (single), doz. bchj. 
Eucharis, dozen .. .. .. 
Gardenias, dozen .. 
Geranium, scarlet, doz. 
bunches. 
Lilac (English) per bunch 
„ (French) per bunch 
Lilium longiflorum, dozen 
Marguerites, 12 bunches .. 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
bunches. 
Orchids, dozen blooms .. 
1 . 
d. 
s. 
d. 
3. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
1 
6 
to 4 
6 
Cobs, per 100 lbs. 
10 
0 to 
0 
0 
per 
Grapes, per lb. 
1 
6 
4 
0 
10 
0 
21 
0 
Lemons, case . 
10 
0 
15 
0 
per 
St. Michael Pines, each .. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
8 
0 
11 
0 
Strawberries, per lb. 
1 
0 
4 
0 
per 
1 
0 
3 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
B. 
d 
0 
6 
to 0 
0 
Mustard aud Cress, punnet 
0 
2 to 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bushel . 
3 
6 
4 
0 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Parsley, dozen bunches .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Parsnips, dozen .. .. .. 
1 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
63 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
ft 
1 
6 
3 
6 
Seakale, per basket ,. ,. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Scorzonera, bundle .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel .. .. .. 
2 
6 
0 
4 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Tomatoes.per lb. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
.4 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Turnips, bunch. 
0 
3 
0 
6 
kLE 
PRICES.- 
-OUT FLOWERS.—Orchid Blooms in variety. 
B. 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
8 . 
d- 
2 0 to 4 0 
0 6 
2 0 
0 6 
2 0 
2 6 
3 0 
4 0 
1 0 
4 0 
0 4 
3 0 
4 0 
1 C 
6 0 
1 6 
6 0 
0 9 
4 0 
6 0 
3 0 
8 0 
12 0 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 
Primula (double), dozen 
sprays . 
Roses (indoor), dozen 
„ Tea, white, dozen 
„ Yellow, dozen (Niels) 
„ Safrano (English), 
dozen. 
„ Yellow, dozen blooms 
„ Red, dozen blooms .. 
Smilax, per bunch .. .. 
Spirma, dozen bunches .. 
Stephanotis, dozen sprays 
Tuberoses. 12 blooms.. 
Violets (English), dozen 
bunches . 
Violets (French), bunches 
6 0 to 9 0 
0 6 
0 6 
1 6 
3 0 
1 0 
1 0 
2 6 
6 0 
1 0 
1 0 
2 0 
2 0 
B. 
Arbor Vit® (golden) dozen 6 
Aspidistra, dozen .. ..18 
Aspidistra, specimen plant 5 
Azaleas, each .3 
Cinerarias, per doz.8 
Cyclamen, dozen .. .. 9 
Dracmna, various, dozen .. 12 
Dracsna viridis, dozen .. 9 
Erica, various, dozen .. 9 
Euonymus, var., dozen .. 6 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 6 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 4 
Ferns (small) per hundred 4 
Ficus elastica, each ,. .. 1 
Foliage plants, var., each 2 
PLANTS IN POTS, 
d. 8. d. 
0 to 12 0 
0 36 0 
10 6 
4 0 
10 0 
12 0 
30 0 
18 0 
18 0 
18 0 
24 
18 
6 
7 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
10 0 
Genistas, per dozen ., .. 
Geraniums, Ivy, per dozen 
Heliotrope, per dozen 
Lobelia, per dozen .. .. 
Lycopodiums, dozen .. 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
Myrtles, dozen . 
Palms, in var.. each .. .. 
„ (specimens' .. .. 
Pelargoniums, per dozen .. 
„ scarlets, per 
dozen 
Rhodanthe, per dozen 
■Rr-\a<sa Tvpr .. 
8 . d. 8 . d. 
8 0 to 10 0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
4 
6 
4 
3 
8 
6 
1 
21 0 
9 0 
8 0 
8 0 
6 0 
4 0 
10 0 
9 0 
15 0 
63 0 
15 0 
3 0 6 0 
4 0 6 0 
8 0 24 0 
6 0 12 0 
POOR LAND. 
Poor Pasture was the title which we had in mind for this 
article before sitting diwn to write it, but a little consideration 
under the light of recent experience induced us to adopt the 
more comprehensive designation of Poor Land, as calculated to 
meet a more general want. If pasture is now difficult to 
manage, what are we to say of arable land, what are we to 
