r 412 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
May 24,18»4. 
have had no practical experience of its requirements. The flowers 
are yellow with a yellow-brown marked palate. A pretty but 
not showy species, sometimes sold as a perennial but really of 
only biennial or perennial habit, is L. origanifolia, with rather 
violet coloured flowers with yellow palate. Under the name of 
L. maritima I received what appears to be the thick-leaved variety 
of L. origanifolia (crassifolia), said by some to be a distinct 
species, and called L. crassifolia. From a garden point of view the 
only difference seems to be its more robust growth. L. reticulata 
and its variety purpurea are very beautiful annuals with purple 
flowers beautifully netted and with yellow or orange palates. 
L. maritima, another annual species from South Europe, has pale 
yellow flowers with an orange coloured palate. I have experienced 
no special difficulty in the cultivation of any of the Linarias, which 
seem to thrive best, however,i in a light soil. Most of them are 
readily increased by division, and seeds of several species are 
obtainable.— S. Aenott. 
Cheysanthemums in Japan. 
fS'iTo the English grower of Chysanthemums there is always a peculiar 
fascination in reading about his favourite flower in its native home, and 
as the Whitsuntide holidays have afforded me an opportunity of turning 
over some of my Japanese books and pictures, a few notes which have 
not perhaps been recorded in the Journal of Horticulture before may 
prove interesting to others. 
My first treasure of this description was kindly sent me by Mr. S. 
Yoskida, a courteous Japanese gentleman who occupies the post of 
Secretary to the Japanese Horticultural Society. It is entitled “ Kik- 
kiva Meiji-sen,” or a catalogue of select Chrysanthemums, and was 
published three years ago. It is a thoroughly oriental book, with an 
old gold figured silk binding, printed partly in English and partly in 
Japanese. It is what may be described as of the concertina pattern, 
opening in an endless mysterious way that at first causes some bewilder¬ 
ment to anyone used to books of the Western style. Like all oriental 
books it begins at the end, and ends at what we consider the beginning. 
There are twenty-five coloured pictures of seedlings raised by a famous 
Japanese grower, Mr. Seibi Mizumoto, and by the editor, Mr. K. Imai. 
They are all of the long-petalled Japanese kind, many of the forms 
being tubulated or semi-tubulated, and as is usual with such works of 
art the foliage of each variety is shown with great exactitude, for the 
Japanese grower holds that foliage is an important feature in the culti¬ 
vation of his much-loved plant. In this work the colouring is very 
vivid and natural. Most of the flowers depicted are deep rose, crimson, 
and bronze, white, blush, pure yellow, purple, and quaint minglings of 
all. 
The nomenclature is curious and fanciful. Thus we have Koko-no- 
nemuri, a yellow variety with red spots, the name comparing it to an 
old tiger sleeping in a mountain valley ; Oritaki-shiba, meaning a fire 
kindled on a mountain ; Gekka-no-hana, a pale pink variety said to 
resemble the Cherry blossoms seen by moonlight ; Goko no-yuki, a 
white twisted bloom likened to snow floating on clear water ; Furiwake- 
gami, the name indicating the fine hair of a charming maiden, and 
others of a similar style. 
Another work published by the same author but entirely in English, 
tells us that the Chrysanthemum has existed for thousands of genera¬ 
tions, and illustrations are given to show two popular forms of arranging 
the flowers. The first of these, called “ Shinozukuri,” consists of 
arranging twenty-three bamboo supports in five rows, to each of which 
a branch is tied, the supports being highest at the back and becoming 
gradually shorter towards the front. The second form consists of a plant 
having fifteen blooms in three rows, one below another, but projecting 
sufficiently to allow each row of blooms to stand clear of those behind. 
The Transactions of the Japanese Horticultural Society contain 
much concerning the Chrysanthemum, but they are printed entirely in 
the native character, the index only being in Eoglisb. Some of the 
parts have chromo-lithographs, the most attractive of which is a pale 
pink Anemone-flowered variety, which is interesting because that type 
is rarely delineated by the Japanese artist, and is probably less esteemed 
and certainly but little grown compared with the Japanese proper. In 
another part, the typical wild Chrysanthemum sinense is shown. It is a 
small single-flowered species, with white ray florets and a yellow centre. 
The articles referred to in the indices are suggestive of interesting 
matter, and it is a matter of regret that the Transactions are not 
bilingual. The titles of some are “Native Chrysanthemums,” “The 
History of the Chrysanthemum,” “Origin of the Cultivated Chrys¬ 
anthemum,” “ Beautiful Specimens of Chrysanthemums,” and the 
“ Correction on the Names of Chrysanthemums.” 
Some nursery catalogues from Yokohama also furnish a pleasant 
half hour's perusal. A pa'e lemon coloured Jap with florets an eighth of an 
inch wide and 7 in length i« truly a ragged, ugly looking bloom, and quite 
unlike anything I know of ; but all the illustrations in these catalogues 
bear native unpronounceable names. There are several lumpy massive 
incurved Japs depicted that call for no special remark, but one named 
Omandara is a fine Comte de Germiny type of bloom, with a pale pink 
reverse, and a bright crimson lake colour inside the petal. Then a deep 
orange bronze incurved hairy Jap is well shown, but the extreme 
regularity of its florets suggests very careful dressing before being 
handed over to the artist. 
A sheet of new seedlings from the same source, a chromo-lithograph 
represents among other varieties two incurved flowers of a decided green 
colour. One is called Green Emerald, and is a fine globular shaped 
flower with grooved petals of medium width rather loosely arranged, 
but still preserving the incurved form. The colour is a clear pale 
emerald green. The other new green variety is named Yellowish 
Emerald. It is rather a closer flower than the preceding, but the tips of 
the florets which are somewhat broader are just tinged with yellow. The 
other flowers represented are white, yellow, pink, and crimson, and mainly 
of the incurving type of Japanese, which seems to be growing in popu¬ 
larity, not only here but in America and Japan.—C, Haeman Payne. 
(To be continued.) 
Judging Cheysanthemums. 
At the meeting of the National Chrysanthemum Society at which 
Mr. C. E. Shea’s paper was discussed, there was an intimation by one 
member that some consideration should be given to the judging of 
groups. Mr. Molyneux expressed his willingness to deal with that 
subject if thought desirable, but ag Mr, Shea’s suggestions only applied 
to cut blooms, and as time would scarcely allow the speakers to extend 
the discussion beyond the judging of cut flowers, it was not possible for 
the meeting to deal with other matters. 
It may at some future time be desirable to lay down authoritative 
principles to guide judges in making their awards in the plant classes, 
and as a hint I take an early opportunity of pointing out that at the 
Chrysanthemum Show of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the 
following scale of points is to be observed. 
Size and form of plant ... 
Size of bloom . 
General effect . 
Foliage . 
25 points. 
20 
30 
25 
By way of further explanation it may be stated that the class to 
which this scale applies is one for a display of twelve named plants, any 
or all classes, distinct varieties, and that there are four prizes, the first 
being £12, the second £10, the third £8, and the fourth £6. 
Our ordinary show groups, of course, differ materially from the 
American class, but it seems possible that the Massachusetts scale might 
be used as a basis to form a scale for judging English group classes, and 
perhaps someone more interested in the subject than I may deem it 
worthy of consideration and elaboration. It is not stated how cut 
blooms in the States are adjudicated upon. In some other plant classes, 
including one for a group of plants arranged for effect, limited to 
150 square feet, the scale adopted is— 
Size and form of plant.40 points. 
Size of bloom .30 „ 
Foliage .30 „ 
The classification in the cut bloom classes is the standard laid down 
by the American Chrysanthemum Society, the types being as under :— 
IncueVED. —Mabel Ward. 
Japanese. —Wm. H. Lincoln, Mrs. Fottler, and Lilian B. Bird. 
Japanese Incueved.— Mrs. Chas. Wheeler, T. C. Price, Kioto. 
Eeflexed. —Cullingfordi, President Hyde, Viviand Morel. 
Anemone. —Lady Margaret, Timbale d’Argent.—P. 
Poet Elizabeth Cheysanthemum Society. 
The above mentioned Society, which is affiliated with the National 
Chrysanthemum Society, held its second annual Exhibition in the Town 
Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, on Thursday and Friday, the 26th 
and 27th April. The Show was a very good one, and reflected great 
credit on the Executive Committee for the satisfactory manner in which 
its various details were carried out. The exhibits, by their general good 
quality, showed that the cultivation of the favourite autumn flower has 
taken firm hold of the people of that part of South Africa. The com¬ 
petition in many of the classes was very keen. The Judges were Messrs. 
E. Bunn and John P. Creegoe of Port Elizabeth, and Mr. Lockie of the 
Botanical Gardens, Grahamstown. 
In the class for groups in a space of 48 feet the first prize was taken 
by Mr. Brett with an excellent group of well grown dwarf plants, with 
large well developed fiowers. Mr, Woodward was a good second with a 
well arranged collection of dwarf plants, but with the flowers not so 
fully developed as the first prize group. These two exhibitors secured 
most of the prizes in the open classes, both for plants and cut blooms. 
Tne flowers of most of the specimen plants were good, but the training 
might be much improved. There were many sterling varieties shown, 
including such as Viviand Morel, Lord Brooke, Duke of York, Mdlle. 
Marie Hoste, Colonel W. B. Smith, Excelsior, G. W. Childs, Baron 
Hirsch, besides most of the best of the older varieties. There were 
several plants of Mr. H. Cannell, which variety seems to do remarkably 
well, the blooms being invariably large, solid, and of a very fresh colour. 
Some plants of Etoile de Lyon were shown, but all had pure white 
