264 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER 
[ September 22, 1887. 
by different cows, the size of an animal being no guide 
in the matter. For example, we have had sixteen quarts 
of milk daily from a little Kerry cow, while a big 
Shorthorn gave only ten quarts. We may take the 
average yield of an ordinary cow at twelve quarts, which 
if of fair quality will produce about 1 lb. of butter; or, to 
put it in another way, we may say that a quart of rich 
cream gives 1 lb. of butter, but if at all inferior in quality 
it will not do so. The milk is kept in pans of earthen¬ 
ware or glass from twenty-four to forty-eight hours—the 
shorter time in summer, the longer in winter—care being 
taken to strain it when formed into the pans to remove 
hairs and particles of dirt. Some dairywomen prefer 
shallow tin pans, especially in summer, when it is im¬ 
portant to induce the cream to rise quickly before there 
is risk of souring, which stops the rising of the cream. 
Among the hints for dairy management distributed 
by the Munster Dairy School we may usefully quote the 
following. Dairies should be kept perfectly sweet and 
well ventilated, and be separated by a partition wall from 
the dwelling house. No door or window should look out 
in any yard or place whence smells of any kind could 
come. The floor should be flagged, tiled, or cemented, 
so that it can be frequently washed: an earthen floor, 
damp and dirty, is most unfit for a dairy. Any splashes 
of milk should be immediately wiped up, as if allowed 
to remain and turn sour they will taint the milk. The 
windows should be arranged so that no streaks of light or 
sun should shine upon the milk, as they produce flecks 
in the cream which always show in the butter. Dairy 
utensils should be cleaned by first washing them in cold 
water, then scalded, and again washed in fresh cold water. 
The temperature of the dairy is most important; it should 
never be allowed to go under 50° or over 55°. 
The cream for churning should not be kept too long. 
Slight ripening is good for the butter, but it should never 
be allowed to become very sour, and in winter should be 
churned at least twice a week, and in summer more fre¬ 
quently. It should be kept covered with muslin, both 
to exclude particles of dust, and also to prevent the air 
acting too much upon the surface of the cream and pro¬ 
duce unequal ripening. In adding a fresh skimming the 
contents of the crock should be well stirred, so as to mix 
all well together; and no fresh cream should be added 
for twelve hours before churning, as it would not have 
time to equally ripen, and would take longer than the 
other cream to churn, so that the churning would be 
stopped before the butter came on the fresh cream. The 
temperature of the cream before churning should always 
be carefully tested with the thermometer. It has been 
proved that 57° is the best temperature to churn at; and 
the cream in cold weather should be warmed to this by 
placing it before a fire or in a tub of warm water, or in 
hot weather cooled by placing it in cold water. The 
churn also should be rinsed out before churning in winter 
with hot water, in summer with cold. 
The churn should be turned slowly at first, so as not 
to break up the butter globules too much, and the churning 
should be most carefully listened to and stopped the moment 
the butter comes, so as not to allow it to collect in lumps. 
The grain and firmness of the butter are thus preserved, 
and the buttermilk can be easily removed. After remov- 
iug the buttermilk the butter should be washed in the 
churn, three times in fresh spring water, and twice in 
pickle, made by placing some salt in a piece of muslin on 
top of a can and pouring cold water over it. If the butter 
is at all soft it should be allowed to stand for a couple of 
hours iu the churn in very cold water. In making the 
butter handling should be most carefully avoided. By 
the use of a butter worker and butter slices, butter can be 
made without even touching it with the hands, and this is 
the plan adopted in the best dairies in England and on 
the Continent. 
We do not of course intend to imply that a separate 
building is required for the milk of a cow or two, but 
rather to show the chief points of importance in a dairy in 
order that they may be brought to bear upon the selection 
and arrangement of any room for the purpose. _ The 
utensils required for a very small dairy are few and simple 
—a box churn, butter worker, pair of butter slices or 
spatulse, one or two pat stamps, skimming dish, cream 
bowl, creim crock, milk pans, strainer, and milk pail. 
Erratum. — In the second paragraph on page 242, 
last week, beginning thus:—“Where land can be^had 
there should always be a crop of Winter Oats, it 
should be Winter Tares. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Wheat-sowing is now being clone as fast as possible, every acre sown 
this month being worth two sown in October, having regard to the 
safety and certainty of the crop. We sowing much more Wheat upon 
our heavy land than we have done hitherto, for with the sale of straw, in 
addition to the grain, it answers very well, and winter corn is always a 
more certain crop than spring corn upon such land. If we were dis¬ 
posed to indulge in the proverbial farmers’ grumble it would certainly be 
at the low price of Wheat, not only as affecting our own results, but 
as affording tenants an urgent plea for a farther reduction of rent. ^ 0ur 
first sample of Barley sold for 36s. per quarter, and we believe high 
class samples will command paying prices. At the same market, how¬ 
ever, we were offered a sample of large coarse discoloured grain for 20s. 
per quarter, and it would certainly have been to the grower s advantage 
if he could have kept and used it for feeding pigs. 
Notwithstanding the loss of Clover plant there will be plenty of 
green food of one sort or other for use next spring and summer. Loth 
Rye and Rye Grass have come up thickly ; Trifolium, too, is a good plant, 
and with a succession of Tare crops we shall manage well enough. The 
loss of Red Clover is not a total one; we have a full plant on some 
layers, but on others it is difficult to find a plant at all. Lucerne and 
Sainfoin have borne the drought admirable, and we shall gradually add 
to the area of land under these two excellent forage crops. 
The farmer whose land is badly infested with couch grass after three 
hot dry summers, such as we have now had, ought not to have an acre 
of land entrusted to him. Greatly did we deplore the sad sight of 
Twitch, Thistles, and Wild Oats which we have found upon the stubbles 
of some land of which we had to make an inspection recently. Our 
remonstrance about this matter with an outgoing tenant led us to point 
out the loss he had incurred in fertility stolen from his crops, and the 
risk he ran of litigation on the part of the landlord, who, under the 
Agricultural Holdings Act, had a clear case of a claim for compensation 
for land foul with weeds and exhausted of fertility. If through such 
negligence a prospective tenant declined hiring the farm, the claim 
would probably be enforced. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
CAM DEN SQUARE, LONDON. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.j Lmg, 0° 8- 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
DATE. 
9 A.M. 
IN THE DAY. 
1887. 
• o st . 
15 " | 
Hygrome¬ 
ter. 
d . 
S3 d 
oy- 1 
Temp, of 
soil at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Rain 
September. 
cj 3 -4 
S23 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Ol > 
So 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
sun. 
On 
grass 
Sunday . 
11 
Inches. 
29.939 
deg. 
56.4 
deg. 
51.6 
s.w. 
deg. 
57.2 
deg. 
63.0 
deg. 
46.4 
deg. 
10S.4 
deg. 
40.8 
In. 
0.016 
Monday. 
Tuesday .... 
12 
29.746 
54.0 
49 9 
N.K. 
57.4 
62.1 
514 
112 4 
49.5 
0.013 
13 
29.807 
50.1 
47.4 
N.W. 
56 7 
58.9 
43.6 
1U7.7 
40 2 
— 
Wednesday.. 
14 
29 9 5 
51.3 
479 
s.w. 
55.8 
60.8 
44.1 
103 2 
ft.010 
Thursday .... 
15 
54 3 
50.5 
S.W. 
55.8 
619 
49 3 
108.5 
46.2 
0 116 
Friday . 
16 
3 >.091 
57.2 
53.3 
s. 
56.L 
66 1 
48 8 
10>.8 
*•*.2 
0.346 
Saturday .... 
17 
30.113 
56-8 
56.0 
Cal m. 
56.6 
578 
54 9 
61.2 
54 7 
0.248 
29 937 
54 3 
50.9 
56.5 
61.5 
48 4 
101.2 
45.0 
0.740 
REMARKS 
dull and overcast after 
[tVi.—Q.cerally dull and windy with rain at 6 P.M. 
ith.—Dull early, then fine and bright throughout. 
Uh.—Rain about 6 A.M , morning flue and generally bright; 
1th —Fme bright , 1 inOTirng%e a whole, though somewhat threatening ab ut 10.S0 A M.; 
afternoon very bright till about 3 pm., then overcast; wet evening. 
ith —Dull morning witn bright intervals ; damp and showery afternoon; wet evening. 
17th. — Very wet early, foggy wet morning, very dark about 10 A M. Rainy nearly 
A damp^and (tool autumnal week, the days being cooler relatively than the 
nights.—Q-. J. Symons. 
