440 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ November 17, 1887. 
when cows milked at 6 a.m., and at once turned out upon 
pasture, are lying down and contentedly ruminating by 
10 a.m., then colour and flavour are at the best. Butter 
made under such favourable conditions in early summer 
is undoubtedly excellent, but we prefer that which is made 
in a genial showery season after the haymaking, when the 
cows have nothing but the sweet, tender, succulent after- 
math. Then is the time to preserve butter for winter use. 
In France this is done upon a large scale in this way :— 
To ninety-eight parts of water are added two of lactic acid, 
and one five-thousandth part of salicylic acid. The 
lactic acid dissolves the salicylic and prevents its crystal¬ 
lisation. This solution is beaten up with the butter, 
and it is calculated that about one part of the salicylic 
acid in ten thousand parts of butter is sufficient to pre¬ 
serve the latter for an indefinite period, even in hot 
climates. Our readers will find it best to adopt the 
simpler plan of making up the butter in quantities of 
1 or 2 lbs., placed in strong brine under a board kept 
floating upon the brine so as to insure the complete 
immersion of the butter. The salt of the brine only 
penetrates the butter to the depth of a quarter of an 
inch. Each roll, therefore, is protected by this thickness 
of a crust of salt butter, all the rest being as perfectly 
sweet as when first put in. 
Reports of the recent Dairy Show at the Agricul¬ 
tural Hall contain much useful information of dairy 
management, and how the prize butter was made. We 
give some extracts for the benefit of our readers:—• 
Rev. S. H. Williams, Great Linford Rectory, Newport 
Pagnell, was very successful, gaining with a single entry 
in Class 61 not only first prize for best fresh butter very 
slightly salted, and made from Channel Island cows, 
but also the Lord Mayor’s cup for best butter made in 
the United Kingdom, and the Association’s silver medal 
for the butter sweetest and in the best condition on the 
last day of the show. Mr. Williams keeps a small herd 
of pedigree Jerseys, there being generally from six to 
eight cows in milk. The cows were at grass night and 
day, but would be housed at night as soon as the weather 
breaks up. The extra food consisted of li or 2 lbs. each 
of cotton cake in the morning, crushed Oats and bran 
at 4.15. p.m., also a little Clover hay in the rack to eat 
while the milking is going on. Thyss, Lockyer & Co.’s 
“Jersey” has been in use since November 1886. Supply 
of cold water is laid on to the dairy from a well by 
force pump. The cream rises in from ten to twelve 
hours. It is only fair to say that during this hot sum¬ 
mer not one setting of milk went sour. Hathaway’s 
barrel churn is used. The temperature of the cream 
when churned is 58°, and cream is churned twice a week. 
The butter is washed, Bradford’s butter worker (Albany) 
being used: The average price obtained during the year 
was Is. 6d., and the demand exceeds the supply. The 
cows are brought in to calve from August to April, in 
order to keep a regular and uniform supply during the 
year. 
Of another prizewinner we are told, “The dairy 
faces the north, and is kept most scrupulously clean. 
The floor is bricked, and the walls tiled with white 
glazed tiles. It is fitted with thick green glass shelves 
on which the tin pans are placed. In summer the cool¬ 
ing tins are used to set the cream, the skim milk being 
drawn of in twelve hours; but as soon as the cold weather 
commences the milk is skimmed from the pans, the 
temperature being from 56° to 60° for churning. Butter 
is made twice weekly in winter from soured cream, salt 
being put to it before churning. The butter is never 
touched by hand, a Cunningham worker being used. The 
price obtained per pound to private customers Is. 9d. all 
the year round.” In another prize dairy the cream is set 
in shallow Staffordshire pans for thirty-six horns. The 
churn used is the End Over End. The temperature 
of the cream when churned is 58°. Sweet cream is used. 
The number of revolutions of churn is fifty per minute. 
A circular butter worker is used. Price obtained for 
butter is Is. 8d. in winter and Is. 6d. in summer. The 
average quantity of butter made weekly is 200 lbs., the 
demand is greater than the supply. The mornmg the 
butter was made, of which a portion was sent to the 
Dairy Show, the details of the work were as follows:— 
3 gallons 2 pints of cream; butter, 10 lbs. 14^ ozs.; time 
of dimming, eight minutes : revolutions of churn, fifty per 
minute; time of making butter, thirty-five minutes. 
(To be continued). 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
The work upon our heavy land farm is now in a forward condition, 
and we shall be able to keep our labour expenses at a much lower weekly 
sum than we have ever done before. All last winter we had to encounter 
a heavy outlay on this farm for drainage ; this winter little, if any, such 
work remains to be done. An additional pond has just been made there 
for a supply of water in summer, in order to avoid a repetition of the 
costly experience during the recent drought, when we had to cart water 
daily from a stream some two miles distant from the farm. The work 
of excavation for the pond in a stiff clay was done for 5|d. per cubic 
yard, the clay being turned to account to form a dam or raised semi¬ 
circular bank at the lower side to hold water and so lessen the work of 
excavation. 
Autumnal work of ploughing and sowing upon the heavy land has 
been remarkably well done. We have now 150 acres, of winter corn 
sown, and much of it is already up and is a thick strong plant. There 
are some 70 acres of young layers upon this farm, consisting of Clover, 
Sainfoin, and Perennial Rye Grass, with about 20 acres besides of old 
pasture, so that our corn sowing next spring will not be a heavy busi¬ 
ness, and it will be much helped by the ridge ploughing of all land in¬ 
tended for spring corn. If prices do not improve—and we have no rea¬ 
son as yet to suppose they will do so—more of the hea y land will be 
laid down next spring in permanent or temporary pasture. Several 
acres of Lucerne will be sown, and we shall extend the Sainfoin layers 
very much. The crops of East Anglian farms have hitherto consisted 
principally of grain, but under the depression a much larger proportion 
of the land must be brought under forage crops. Sheep will th-n be 
kept upon such farms in much larger numbers than heretofore, and the 
plan will undoubtedly answer, especially if silage takes the place of root 
crops, which are expensive in cultivation and uncertain in result. All 
this process of change must be carefully wrought out, for there must be 
no rash or hasty change leading to heavy expenditure. AVe know a 
farmer who has now some 2000 sheep and 200 bullocks, for which he is 
buying much of the food. Such a plan cannot answer, and we should 
certainly fe-1 that we ran no inconsiderable risk of bankruptcy under 
it. To be really self-supporting a farm must produce most of the food 
given to the animals upon it, unless indeed we can purchase such food 
at a cheaper rate than we can sell the produce for. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
CAMDEN SQUAIIE, LONDON. 
Lat. 81° 82' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
DATE. 
9 A.M. 1 IN THE DAT. 
d 
aj 
« 
1887. 
November. 
Barome¬ 
ter at 32° 
and Sea 
Level. 
Hygrome¬ 
ter. 
d . 
0 73 
£ d 
or 1 
a>>- 
5° 
o . 
Ce_ o 
£705 o 
S O 
03 ®rH 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
1 
,Dry. Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
sun. 
On 
grass 
Sunday. 6 
Monday...... 7 
Tuesday .... 8 
Wednesday.. 9 
Thursday.... 10 
Friday .11 
Satarday .... 12 
Inches. 
29.375 
29.470 
29.785 
29.947 
29.830 
29.980 
30.204 
deg. 
43.8 
43.9 
48.5 
46.4 
45.0 
41.9 
42.1 
deg. 
42.1 
33.0 
47.0 
46.4 
45.0 
41.7 
40.3 
E. 
N.E. 
N.E. 
•N.E. 
.N. 
N. 
N. 
deg. 
44.9 
44.3 
44 7 
45 2 
45.8 
45.8 
45 2 
deg. 
53.6 
49.4 
52.6 
48.3 
48 4 
49.2 
47.8 
deg. 
40.0 
39.3 
438 
45.6 
45.3 
40.2 
39.7 
deg. 
77.2 
52.7 
72 8 
50.6 
52.2 
73.7 
71.8 
deg. 
33.8 
33.3 
41.2 
42.4 
43.9 
88.4 
34.9 
In. 
0.309 
0 192 
0.396 
0.010 
29.800 
44.6 
43.6 
45.1 
49.9 
42.0 
64.4 
33.3 
0.967 
REMARKS. 
6th.—Fine, and generally bright, but rather hazy In afternoon. 
7th.—Dull and damp morning, wet afternoon and evening. 
8th.—Overcast early ; bright from 10.30 A.M. to about 1.39 P.M., then dull again. 
9th.—Steady, soaking rain all day. 
10th.—Dull morning, dull and damp afternoon. 
llth—Fair,with a little sunshine, but slightly foggy at times. 
12 th —Fine and generally bright. 
Temperature very equable, and for the first time for several weeks slightly above the 
average. Rainfall again above the average.—G. J. SYMONS. 
