July 26, 1888. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
87 
by many authors. The Horse Mushroom has a dome-shaped pileus, bell¬ 
shaped in youth, and expanding in maturity, generally of a pure white 
colour and cottony texture, but losing its downy appearance in age ; and 
a veil consisting of a double membrane, thick, woolly, falling from the 
edge of the pileus, and hanging loosely round the stem ; the gills are free, 
pale pinkish brown, becoming darker as they grow older ; the stem is 
cylindrical, the cavity filled with cottony pith. The flesh turns yellow 
when bruised. Occasionally the pileus is tinged with brown. It attains 
a large size. Authorities are at variance as to the manner of its growth. 
Mr. Berkeley describes it as growing in rings, and Mrs. Hussey does not 
number it among those addicted to circular growth. When it does grow 
in rings they are of a very large size indeed, and as they are seldom 
perfect it is easy to overlook the relation which one group has to another. 
Fields and woods are the habitats of this Mushroom ; those growing in 
the former are the most wholesome. They should not be taken in the 
button stage like the A. campestris, but are in perfection just as the 
veil has broken away from, the pileus, and the bell-shape is merging into 
the dome. In this stage, and later if free from larval, the Mushroom is 
excellent fried or stewed, and for this purpose is sold in Covent Garden 
Market. It is one of the best Mushrooms for making ketchup, its large 
size being a great desideratum in this matter. 
Trees for Small Orchard ( Mulberry ).—We presume your pro¬ 
posed orchard is really to be a fruit garden, the ground not being under 
grass as in orchards generally. In the case of a fruit garden, pyramid, 
bush, espalier, and cordon are the best trees. Standards are only suit¬ 
able for culture on grass where the ground under and between the trees 
and rows can be utilised for crops that are not required in private 
establishments to the extent they arc produced by the large culture 
system. Espaliers are extremely useful from a sheltering point of view. 
We should advise a line to the north and on the east and west sides of 
the plot, G feet high above ground, the wires 10 to 12 inches apart. 
These we should cover with the hardier Apples, so as to form a strong 
screen for sheltering the other parts of the plot. The ground may be 
further divided into plots by lines of espaliers running north and south 
so as to still further break the force of winds, and these may be used for 
cordon-trained trees. The intervening spaces or quarters will be available 
for bush and pyramid trees. A cordon orchard or fruit garden is simply 
delightful. The diagonal cordon tree may be planted 2 feet or even 
18 inches apart, but the larger distance is best. The lines of bushes or 
pyramids should be 7 feet fi inches from the espalier lines, which will 
allow of ample space for cultural operations. Apples should be grafted 
on the English Paradise stock. They may be planted 4 feet 6 inches 
to 6 feet apart, the lesser distance for bushes and the larger for pyramids, 
Pears should be grafted or budded on the Quince or double-worked in 
the case of those that do not succeed on the Quince. They require 
about 18 inches more space than Apples. Plums should be planted 
7 feet G inches apart, and if they grow too vigorously they should be 
lifted early in November. Plums are best trained as pyramids. Bushes 
may be planted 4 feet 6 inches, and pyramids 6 feet apart. Duke 
and Morello sections succeed on the Mahileb stock. Bigarreau 
Cherries should be double-worked. For the espaliers, if you do not 
have cordon trees, dwarf-trained trees should be planted 12 to 15 feet 
apart, Pears 12 to 15 feet, Plums 15 to 20 feet, and Cherries the same as 
Plums. 
Names of Plants. —We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss or soft green leaves form the best packing, dry cotton 
wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once. 
((7. <?.). —Zenobia speciosa var pulverulenta. (IF. K. 11 ,).—1, Epilobium 
angustifolium ; 2. Lythrum Salicaria ; 3, Centaurea montana ; 4, Con¬ 
volvulus mauritanicus. (J. //.).—Very poor varieties of Sweet Williams, 
much better are frequently seen. 
COVENT GABDEN MAEKET.— July 25th. 
OUR market has been very active tile last few days, large supplies of soft fruit reaching 
us, prices being fairly good. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
d. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
d. 
Apples, i sieve .0 
0 to 0 
0 
Loraons, cape.10 
Oranges, per 100 .. .. 4 
0 to 15 
0 
Cherries, J sieve .. .. 5 
0 
8 
c 
0 
9 
0 
CobB, 100 lbs.0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches, dozen.6 
0 
12 
0 
Curraut3 (Red). ^ sieve .. 2 
0 
3 
0 
Pears, dozen.0 
0 
0 
0 
„ (Black), ^ sieve.. 3 
0 
8 
6 
St. Michael Pines, each 3 
0 
5 
0 
Grapes, per ft. 1 
6 
3 6 
VEGET 
Strawberries, per lb. .. 0 
ABLES. 
6 
1 
0 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichoke?, dozen .. •• 2 
Asparagus,bundle.. .. 0 
0 to 3 
0 
Lettuce, dozen .. .. 0 
9 
to 1 
3 
0 
0 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet .. 0 
6 
1 
0 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. .. 0 
6 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress, punt. 0 
2 
0 
0 
Beet,Red, dozen .. .. 1 
0 
2 
0 
New Potatoes,per owt... 8 
0 
14 
0 
Broccoli, bundle .. .. 0 
Brussels Sprouts, J sieve 0 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bunch.u 
Parsley, dozen buncheB 2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
8 
0 
Cabbage, dozen .. .. 1 
6 
0 
0 
Parsnips, dozen .. .. 1 
0 
0 
0 
Capsicums, per 100 .. 0 
0 
0 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt. 4 
0 
6 
0 
Carrots, bunch .. ., 0 
4 
0 
0 
„ Kidnev.per cwt. 4 
0 
8 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen .. 3 
0 
4 
0 
Rhubarb, bundle .. .. 0 
2 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle .. .. 1 
0 
2 
0 
Salsafy, bundle M 1 
0 
1 
6 
Coleworts, doz. bunches 2 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzonera, bundle .. 1 
6 
0 
0 
Cucumbers, each .. .. 0 
4 
0 
7 
Shallots, per tb .. 0 
8 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen.1 
0 
2 
0 
Spinach, bushel .. .. 1 
6 
2 
0 
Hero?, bunch.0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes, per ft.0 
6 
0 10 
Leeks, bunch.0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips, bunch .. .. 0 
4 
0 
0 
CUT FLOWER3. 
8. 
d. 
8 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Abutilons, 12 bunches .. 
2 
0 to 4 
0 
Marguerites, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
to 6 
0 
Aram Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunchea 
2 
0 
8 
0 
Asters, French, per bunch 
2 
0 
2 
6 
Pansies, 12 bchs .. .. 
1 
0 
8 
0 
Azalea, 12 sprays .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pelargoniums, 12 trusses 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Bouvardias, bunch .. .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
„ scarlet, 12 trusses 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Calceolaria, 12 bunches.. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pinks, various, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Camellias, 12 blooms .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Polyanthus, 12 bunches .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Carnations, 12 blooms .. 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Pyrethrum, doz. bunches 
3 
0 
6 
0 
,. 12 bunches *. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Roses, Red, 12 blooms .. 
0 
9 
i 
6 
Cornfliwer, 12 bunohes.. 
1 
6 
8 
0 
„ (outdoor), 12 bchs 
g 
0 
6 
» 
Daisies, 12 bunchea 
2 
0 
4 
0 
,, (indoor), dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Delphinium, 12 bunches.. 
2 
0 
8 
0 
,, Tea, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Epiphyllum, 12 blooms .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ yellow . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Eucharis, dozen .. .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
„ (Mosb), 12 bunches 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Gardenias, 12 bloom3 .. 
1 
6 
4 
0 
Spiraea, bunch. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Iris, 12 bunches .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Stephanotis, 12 sprays .. 
1 
6 
8 
0 
Lapageria, coloured, 12 
Stocks, 12 bunches .. .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
blooms. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Sweet Peas, dozen .. .. 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Lilium candidum, per 
Sweet Sultan, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
6 
0 
bunch 
1 
0 
l 
6 
Tropaeolum, 12 bunches 
i 
0 
2 
0 
,, 12 blooms 
0 
6 
0 
9 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Lilium longiflorum, 12 
White Gladiolus,12 sprays 
0 
6 
1 
s 
blooms. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
White Lilac, pier bunch .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Aralia Sieboldi, dozen 
Arbor vitas (golden) dozen 12 
Calceolaria, per dozen.. 4 
Cineraria, dozen .. ., 0 
Coleus, dozen.3 
Crassuia, dozen .. .. 9 
Deutzia, per dozen .. 0 
Dracaena terminalie, doz. 30 
,, viridis, dozen., 12 
Erica, various, dozen .. 9 
Euonymus, in var., dozen 6 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 6 
Ferns, in variety, dozen 4 
Ficus elastica, each .. 1 
Foliage Plants, var., each 2 
Fuchsia, dozen pots .. 3 
6 0 to 12 0 
24 0 
9 0 
0 0 
6 
18 
0 
60 
24 
18 
18 
24 
18 0 
7 0 
10 0 
9 0 
Genista, per dozen 
Heliotrope, dozen pots .. 
Ivy Geranium. 
Hydrangea, dozen .. .. 
Lilies Valley, dozen 
Lilium Harrissii, doz. pots 
Lobelia, per dozen .. .. 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen 
Mignonette, per dozen .. 
Musk, dozen pots .. .. 
Myrtles, dozer.. 
Nasturtiums, per dozen.. 
Palms, in var., each .. 
Pelargoniums, dozen 
,, scarlet, doz. 
Spirea japonica, doz. .. 
0 0 to 0 O 
SO 6 0 
12 0 
3 0 
6 0 
4 0 
2 0 
6 0 
6 0 
18 O 
0 O 
21 0 
6 O 
12 O 
8 0 
3 0 
6 0 
6 0 
21 0 
12 O 
6 0 
12 0 
LESSONS FROM PRIZE FARMS. 
That the Royal Agricultural and kindred societies have done 
and are doing much for the. improvement of agriculture, is an 
acknowledged fact to which due recognition is accorded by all 
sensible people, and in nothing have they done better than in the 
prize competition for farms. Sound practical men of mature ex¬ 
perience are selected as judges, and the work of inspection is 
thorough and exhaustive. Much good is done by such com¬ 
petitions, both to the managers of the farms and to those who 
see the results of their practice or read the lucid reports of it 
given in the journals of the different societies. Year after year 
have we read these reports with keen interest, and from the first 
the feeling has grown upon us that the lessons taught by them were 
of vital importance to farmers generally. Let not anyone suppose 
that the prizewinners are exceptionally fortunate men whose lines 
have fallen in model farms and soil of superior staple. On the 
contrary, many, if not most of them, hive had many difficulties to- 
overcome by dint of downright hard work, the outcome of energy 
combined with intelligence. 
Take, for example, the first prize farm of the recent contest 
near Nottingham. It is much exposed, with little or no shelter for 
live stock ; the soil is light, dry, and so sandy that the surface is 
often blown about by the wind. It contains much silica, part 
resting upon new red sandstone and part upon magnesian lime¬ 
stone, and is altogether difficult soil to maintain in high condition. 
All the more credit is therefore due to Mr. Machin for winning the 
premier prize of £100. But then the prizewinner and his family 
are all remarkable for intelligence, energy, perseverance, and 
mechanical ingenuity. We are told in the report of a covered 
yard erected at a cost of ‘2s. 7d. per square yard, of manure made 
so well in it that clear proof of its excellence was afforded by the 
crops for which it had been used. Of the superior convenience of 
other buildings ; of the clever adaptation of machinery to special 
purposes ; of superior farm produce ; of well-kept hedges ; of 
