August 2, 1888. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
103 
which occurs upon Beans. It is now generally thought that one 
species is common to most of the Leguminosie. I have made a number 
of cultures on this point, and find that when U. fabte from the common 
Bean haulms is placed on young plants of Bean, Pea, Vicia Cracca, V. 
sativa, Lathyrus pratensis, and Ervum hirsutum, iEcidia are only pro¬ 
duced on the Bean and Pea ; and further, that the Uromyces on Ervum 
hirsutum applied to the same host plants produced its iEcidium on 
Ervum only. In the same way the Puccinia which occurs upon the 
Composite is, I find, not one species, as is generally supposed, but that 
Uredospores from Centaurea nigra, for instance, will not aifect Tarax¬ 
acum officinale, neither will the Uredospores of T. officinale infect 
Apargia autumnalis nor Lapsana communis. Before the true affinities 
of these species can be satisfactorily determined numerous and long- 
continued biological investigations will have to be made, for the hasty 
grouping together of the various forms, because they occur on allied 
host plants, is as liable to error as the opposite plan of making every 
form a species because it occurs on a different host plant.” 
Malformed Cypripediums. —Dr. Masters exhibited drawings and 
made comments on several malformed Cypripediums which had been 
referred to him at a previous meeting. The principal peculiarities in 
different flowers were the following Imperfect development of the 
lip ; adhesion of the lateral petals to the sides of the column, and con¬ 
sequent displacement: disjunction of lateral sepals, and presence of two 
lips in one flower. The adventitious lip might be the result («) of 
additional development, ( b ) of sub-divisions of the primary lip, (c) of the 
presence in the guise of a lip of one of the outer stamens (a 2), which is 
usually suppressed. Another flower had three staminodes, one corre¬ 
sponding to Al , and two lateral ones as usual, the stigma being distinctly 
three-lobed. From Mr. Kimball came a drawing of C. Lawrenceanum, 
in which the parts of the flower were arranged in crossed pairs. The 
most peculiar flower was one of C. barbatum exhibited by Mr. O’Brien. 
In this the general form was triangular, the upper sepal was wanting, 
the ttvo lateral ones were present; the two lateral petals were also 
present, but in the shape of broadly ovate segments, more like sepals in 
shape, but having the position of petals, as well as the little tufts of 
hairs on the margins, characteristic of the petals in this species. The 
column was erect with two lateral shields concealing the anthers, while 
the ordinary median staminode was absent. The style was erect, 
cylindric, scarcely lobed at the top, and the ovary entirely absent. 
Passijtora kewensis. x —Dr. Masters showed drawings cf this hybrid, 
as also of P. hvbrida floribunda, to show how closely similar they were. 
P. kewensis x was known to be a hybrid out of P. kermesina by cierulea, 
and P. hybrida floribunda in all probability had the same origin. 
Movements in the Shoots of Firs. —Dr. Masters showed diagrams 
representing the movements, not only of the leader shoot of Abies bifida 
(firma), but also of the lateral shoots ; while the leader shoot gyrates in 
irregular ellipses, its point being alternately raised or depressed, the 
lateral shoots not only move from one point of the compass to another, 
and are elevated or depressed, but are rotated on their own axis, the 
leaves also being raised or depressed at various angles. These move¬ 
ments of shoots and leaves were very complex, and in all probability 
■dependent on different causes. 
Growth of Philadelphus. —Dr. Masters exhibited a drawing of a 
plant of Philadelphus raised from a cutting in a pot. On shifting the 
cutting into a larger-sized pot it was found that a dense leash of roots 
had proceeded from one single point only of the callused end—not from 
the entire circumference. One lateral shoot only was, in the first 
instance, produced from the side of the cutting, and this shoot was on 
the opposite side to that whence the tufts of roots issued. Not till this 
one shoot had grown to a large size, and produced three or four pairs of 
leaves with internodes of considerable length between them, was a 
second shoot produced. From the base of the original cutting, opposite 
to the first, a third and a fourth were also produced regularly, first on 
one side, then on the other side of the plant, and nowhere else. 
Araucaria brasiliensis. —Professor Henriques, of Coimbra, sent a 
photograph showing two fine trees of this species growing in the open 
Air in the Botanic Gardens of the University of that city. 
The Plymouth Strawberry. —Dr. Masters showed ripe fruits of this 
curious monstrosity, grown from plants presented to him by Mr. G. F. 
Wilson. It is an Alpine Strawberry, in which all the parts of the flower 
are more or less represented by leaves. The plant was mentioned by 
•old botanical writers, but afterwards disappeared, or was so completely 
overlooked that its very existence was assumed to be a myth. Of late 
years, however, the plant had reappeared in several gardens, and the 
correctness of the old writers has been vindicated. 
Hybrid Clematis. —From Mr. Noble came specimens of his C. Jack- 
manni alba. The ordinary Jackman Clematis produces its purple 
flowers in late summer on the young wood of the year. The white 
variety, however, produces flowers in the spring, on the old wood of the 
preceding year, and which are more or less irregular in character, and 
again flowers on the herbaceous shoots later in the summer, thus showing 
in one and the same plant the characteristics of two distinct sections of the 
genus, and affording evidence of the hybrid origin of the plant in question. 
Stag Beetle. —From Mr. Boupell came a specimen of Lucanus Cervus, 
stated to be very abundant this season in certain localities. While the 
perfect insect, in spite of its formidable appearance, is harmless to 
plants, its larva is very destructive to the wood of trees. 
TRIALS AT CHISWICK. 
A MEETING of the Fruit and Vegetable Committee was held at 
Chiswick on July 26th. Present—Harry J. Veiteh, Esq., in the chair ; 
Messrs. Lee, Warren, Pearson, Boss, Rivers, Marshall, Norman, and 
Denning. 
The collection of Peas growing in the garden was further examined. 
Dr. Hogg, from Messrs. J. Veiteh & Sons, was noted as a very fine 
stock. Midsummer Green was condemned as worthless. Optimum 
(Laxton), a tall green Marrow, having large handsome pods resembling 
Telegraph, was approved. Prince of Wales was noted for its extra¬ 
ordinary cropping qualities. Pride of Kent (Divers) and Gloria Mundi 
(Yates) were considered to be Ne Plus Ultra. The Abbot (Hurst & Son), 
a wrinkled green Marrow resembling Telegraph in appearance, but of 
superior quality, was greatly approved, and received a first-class certifi¬ 
cate. Reliable (Laxton) a dwarf green wrinkled Marrow of the 
Scimitar type, was approved for its free cropping qualities and well- 
filled pods. Empress (Eckford), a tall green wrinkled Marrow, was 
approved as a good cropper and of good quality. Ne Plus Ultra Seed¬ 
ling (Culverwell) was considered a good stock of the old variety. 
A collection of autumn sown Onions was inspected, the various types 
and selections of White Spanish, autumn sown, were noted as superior 
to the Tripoli section this season. Bailey’s selected White Spanish 
(Veiteh) was highly commended by the Committee, being considered the 
best selection. 
Tomatoes were inspected. Messrs. J. Veiteh & Sons submitted 
examples of Raspberry Superlative , referred from the meeting at West¬ 
minster, together with examples of Lord Beaconsfield and Semper 
Fidelis for comparison. They were considered quite distinct. Superla¬ 
tive, being far superior, was awarded a first-class certificate. 
Mr. T. F. Rivers submitted examples of a seedling Peach and 
Nectarine raised from the Nectarine Peach. The Nectarine was 
remarkable for its enormous size, being 104 inches in circumference, and 
10 ozs. in weight. 
THE COMMERCIAL REALISATION OF FRUIT. 
A CORRESPONDENT sends us a report of a paper on the above subject 
that was read by Mr. D. Tallerman at a meeting of fruit growers in 
Kent early in the summer, and asks for its insertion in the Journal. 
The subject is discussed from a mercantile rather than a cultural point 
of view, and as suggestive hints are furnished we comply to a large 
extent with the request alluded to. 
FRUIT FARMING. 
Taking this as a branch of agriculture for special consideration, upon 
looking at the actual results obtained (so far as can be ascertained) by 
home and foreign fruit farmers they exhibit a most alarming difference 
to the detriment of the former. The estimated results per acre are 
not so accurately obtainable for orchard produce as for Wheat, 
Potatoes, hay, &c., which are cultivated on a large scale, and the 
gross yield weighed, thus furnishing the data by which the actual 
result is known ; but taking the estimate of experts on this side, 
and the actual known and published results that have been ob¬ 
tained in America and Canada, a fair basis is obtained for arriving 
at a conclusion. In an estimate of the value of our crops recently 
made by Mr. James Howard, whose ability to perform the task 
will be freely admitted, and whose published estimate remains unques¬ 
tioned, it will be found that he places the value of orchard produce at' 
£20 per acre, which on the 200,281 acres m cultivation throughout 
Great Britain makes a total value of the crop £1,005,680 sterling. Look¬ 
ing to the known revenues derived from fruit cultivation in America, it 
will be found to range from 200 to 300 dollars per acre, or from £10 to 
£60 per acre, while in Canada it was authoritatively stated at the last 
annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Association, in a 
paper read by Dr. Henry Chipman, that the known cash returns obtain¬ 
able for the yield per acre were 300 dollars, or £60 for Apple crops, and 
664 and 618 dollars per acre for Gooseberries and Currants, in 1886 and 
1887, being £135 and £121 per acre respectively. In accordance with 
these results our home fruit farmers should have realised the additional 
sum of at least eight to ten million pounds sterling for produce of the 
200,284 acres of land they had under cultivation. This it will be ad¬ 
mitted is an enormous amount, and as that or any portion of it would 
have been extra profit, it is of a sufficiently serious character to com¬ 
mand the mest earnest attention of all engaged in that particular 
branch of agricultural industry. In considering the difference in results, 
the means by which they are secured naturally come under notice, and 
this brings attention to the commercial operations attending realisation, 
and when the closer these are scanned the more evident it is that they 
in a great measure arise from the varied course of procedure. 
COMBINATION. 
This is largely practised abroad, and invariably leads to good results, 
and it is capable of yielding more beneficial advantages to the fruit 
farmers than to any other of the branches of cultivation connected with 
agricultural industry, inasmuch as with care and tact it may tend to 
double, treble, and in some instances quadruple the amount receivable 
for portions of their crops, without in any way adding to the cost of 
production, and not materially affecting those of preparation. It is 
interesting to follow the course fruit farmers of other countries would 
pursue if they occupied Kentish lands for cultivation, and had to deal 
with and realise its products. 
The Canadians would forthwith concentrate themselves and establish 
an association for their mutual advancement and other organisations in 
every district, the members of which would meet and exchange notes, 
