894 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ October 21 1888. 
PLANTS IN POTS. 
B. 
a. 
8 . 
d. 
8 . 
d. 
8 . 
a. 
Aralia Sieboldi, dozen .. 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Folip.ge Plants, var.,each 
2 
o to 10 
0 
Arbor vit® (golden) dozen 12 
0 
24 
0 
Fuchsia, dozen pots 
8 
0 
« 
0 
Adlers, 12 pots. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Genista, per dozen •• 
Heliotrope, dozen pots .. 
6 
0 
0 
0 
.Begonia, various, per doz. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
-Chrj santhemum, doz. .. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Ivy Geranium. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ large, doz. 15 
0 
24 
0 
Lilium, various, doz. pots 
11 
0 
21 
0 
Coleus, dozen. 
s 
0 
4 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen 
6 
0 
12 
0 
/ .ra^suia, dozen .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mignonette, per dozen .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
i ■) clamen, dczen pots .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Musk, dozen pots .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Dracaena terminalis, doz. 
30 
0 
60 
0 
Myrtles, dozer.. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
,, viridis, dozen.. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Nasturtiums, per dozen.. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
-Euonymus, iu var.,dozen 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Palms, iu var.,each 
2 
6 
21 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Pelargoniums, dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
■Ferns, in variety, dozen 
4 
0 
18 
0 
,, scarlet, doz. 
Primula (single), per dcz. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Ficus elastioa, each 
i 
• 
7 
0 
4 
0 
8 
0 
SHELTER AND FOOD FOR LIVE STOCK. 
Shelter, litter, and food are the chief factors to success in the 
case of live stock in winter. Frequently do we meet with state¬ 
ments of how much exposure animals will bear, but they cannot 
undergo such exposure without a loss of condition, to say nothing of 
the suffering involved by it, and it is clearly in the interest of 
every farmer that we advise close attention to the comfort and 
health of every animal upon the farm now and onwards during 
the cold season of the year. A day or two ago, in one of our 
drives, we saw a herd of cows turned out to graze upon a common- 
Several of the cows had the whole of one side discoloured by the 
foulness upon which they had been lying the previous night. We 
knew by this that the cows had not been well cared for ; we were 
not surprised, for we have repeatedly seen them so ill treated when 
they are taken into the yards for shelter. 
Let us consider what shelter re illy means. It is a comprehensive 
term embracing the protection of animals from exposure to any¬ 
thing likely to prove hurtful to them. We build lodges, sheds, 
and covered yards, and we do well, but we must also insist upon 
dry bedding and thorough drainage. Never shall we forget the 
lamentable sight of a herd of choice cattle standing knee deep in 
litter almost afloat with water at midwinter. This happened, not 
in the yard of a poor man, but at a home farm replete with every 
modern appliance and improvement that steward or builder could 
suggest to a generous enthusiastic landlord. The drains had been 
suffered to become choked or clogged by the litter, and the poor 
animals suffered accordingly. Not only must yard and building 
be well drained, but equal care and attention must be given to 
the daily clearance of all foul litter, for if cattle are made to 
lie upon beds covered by dry litter overlying other that is sodden 
with moisture, they are exposed to a risk of rheumatism which 
involves suffering, a falling off in condition, and it may be a positive 
loss. This is just one of those simple matters of detail so often 
overlooked, yet in which negligence is the cause of much mischief. 
Not only to shelter must we look for the warmth necessary to 
health in winter, but to a wholesome and abundant dietary. The 
present autumn is remarkable for an abundance of food in the 
guise of corn, roots, and fodder. The temptation to have full 
yards of cattle once more is therefore greater—all the greater from 
the fact of improved prices. But it is now, rather than in spring, 
that a careful calculation of ways and means should be made. 
The calculation is simplicity itself. If made by gross weight or 
measure, a cow or full grown bullock requires about 90 lbs. of dry 
food daily, or half as much more of green food ; a yearling 
requires about half, and a calf about one-fourth of this quantity. 
A horse requires from four to eight gallons of corn, according to 
its work, four gallons of pulped or minced roots, and as much 
fodder as it can consume weekly. All corn used for horses or 
attle should be crushed ; if given whole a weak animal cannot 
est it, and we have often known Oats to pass through the 
stomachs of young horses undigested. As we write we are having 
a large quantity of Barley and Sainfoin straw cut into chaff and 
mixed for general use during winter among horses and cattle. 
Horses especially require extra attention in winter. As a rule 
they should always be fed for two hours before leaving the stable 
in the morning. We never allow nose-bags to be used, as they are 
a temptation to a horseman to trust to feeding horses in part with 
them after the horses leave the stable. For young horse stock we 
prefer very large loose boxes rather than open yards with sheds in 
winter. If light can have free admittance there is no better place 
for them than one end of an old barn to winter in. 
Before all things do not overstock the farm for the winter and 
spring ; but too often by midwinter such inroads are made upon 
the store of food that a reduction is made in the daily quantity, 
the inevitable result of a falling off in condition in the animals. 
Any attempt to sell such stock in March involves a certain loss 
and consequent vexation. In making a calculation of possible 
requirements, the only safe plan is to provide for a late spring, 
and this can very well be done without running to the opposite 
extreme of keeping a superabundance of fodder or roots. If 
there is a flock (as there ought to be on every farm) we must take 
into account its special requirements also. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
The long spell of fine weather proves most welcome, and is an in¬ 
valuable boon to every farmer. It enabled us to save the late corn in 
good condition, and the abundant second growth of Clover and Sainfoin 
has also been turned to good account. The Sainfoin had plenty of seed 
upon it; it was mown, and when the stems and leaves were sufficiently 
faded and dry for our purpose it was carted from the field straight to 
the threshing machine, the seed threshed out, and then the plant itself 
was cut up into chaff with an equal quantity of Barley straw. Two 
days of this chaff-cutting sufficed to fill one end of a barn, a little salt 
was scattered among it as it was taken in, a slight heating will follow, 
and we have thus secured a large supply of excellent chaff suitable for 
horses, cattle, or sheep. On another farm we had two fields of seed 
Tares, which harvested very slowly after the mowing, and we had the 
whole of them carted, threshed, and chaffed in the same manner as the 
Sainfoin. Some late Clover has also been cut into chaff, as we wanted 
the land cleared to plough it for Wheat. Part of that field of Clover 
was folded by sheep, but the crop was too heavy for the sheep to clear 
the whole of it, part had to be mown and the land dressed with farm¬ 
yard manure. OE course such late crops of forage might be turned to 
excellent account for silage, but it answered our purpose best to con¬ 
vert it into chaff. 
Another important advantage arising from the fine autumn is such a 
chance as does not often come to us of getting rid of perennial weeds 
from foul land. Since harvest, late as it was, we have been able to 
plough foul light land, scarify, harrow, and clear the weeds upon the 
surface, plough, and repeat the entire process again where it was neces¬ 
sary. Glad indeed have we been to find that many other farmers have 
turned the fine weather to account in the same way, evidence of which 
has met us in the couch grass fires which we meet with in every dis¬ 
trict day after day. We take this as a sign that one of the most 
important lessons taught farmers by adversity is not to allow weeds to 
exist and rob the land of the fertility which costs them so much. 
Depend upon it, if farmers would limit the area of their occupations 
well within the scope of their means they would soon prosper and thrive 
again. 
% 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
CAMDEN SQUARE, LONDON. 
Lat. 51° 82' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
DATE. 
9 A.M. 
IN THE DAY. 
Hygrome- 
gj 
Shade Tem- 
Radiation 
i 
1888. 
§*j® | 
ter. 
11 
. cj ♦? 
perature. 
Temperature 
a 
October. 
In 
On 
CJ 
Dry. 
Wet. 
So 
H 
Max. 
Min. 
snn. 
grass 
Inches. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
In. 
Sunday . 
14 
80.164 
41.6 
87.8 
N. 
46 7 
50.9 
35.2 
8s.6 
28 0 
— 
Monday. 
15 
30.358 
38.6 
36.6 
8 W. 
45.2 
53.2 
31.3 
66.4 
24 9 
— 
Tuesday ... 
16 
30.403 
41.8 
41.8 
S.K. 
44.7 
56 l 
34 6 
82.9 
30.4 
—. 
Wednesday. 
17 
30 321 
40.9 
40.9 
Calm. 
45.0 
55.4 
38 6 
74 3 
33 4 
—■ 
Thursday... 
18 
30.287 
38 4 
38-4 
E. 
45.8 
54.7 
36.3 
68.2 
32 8 
— 
Friday . 
19 
30.292 
43.2 
43 2 
N.E. 
4^2 
54 8 
38 .'3 
77.8 
333 
— 
Saturday ... 
20 
29.381 
40.8 
388 
E. 
45 0 
55.6 
33.6 
79.2 
26 6 
— 
30.314 
40.8 
39.6 
45.4 
54.2 
35.4 
76.8 
29.9 
— 
REMARKS. 
14th.—A brilliant autumn day. 
15ili.— 1 overcast and cold morning ; fine afternoon, clear night. 
16th—Foggy till about il A.M., then tine and bright. Solar halo in morning. 
17th.—J>en?«e fog till 10 A.M.. afterwards fine, but rather hazy; foggy at night. 
18th.—Foggy till about RAM., then fine, tli ->ugh not clear. 
19th.—Slight fog early, bright day and night 
20:h.—Bright throughout. Lunar halo and pink auroral streamers at 11.10 p.m. 
A rainless cold and dry week, with high barometer, and light easterly win If.— 
G. J. fcYYONS. 
