November is, 1888. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
455 
The season has been an adverse one to some extent, and the entries 
were in consequence not quite so numerous as on former occasions, but 
compensation for deficiencies in this respect was obtained from the 
fact that the quality of the leading exhibits was above the average. 
A class was provided for a group of Chrysanthemums arranged in a 
space of 50 square feet, T. Twining, Esq. (gardener, Mr. J. Parsons), 
winning first honours with a freely arranged group of well grown plants, 
the light and dark colours well balanced, but wanting a few more bright 
tints. The second, from Lady Freake (gardener, Mr. Street), was also 
an effective group, but a trifle too crowded and high in front. The third, 
from J. Bigwood, Esq. (gardener, Mr. Waldie), was excellent in many 
respects, but there were too many white and pale yellow incurved 
varieties, and had a few bright Japanese been introduced it would have 
won first easily. 
The cut blooms were good in several classes, and especially so in that 
for twenty-four, twelve incurved and twelve Japanese. W. Furze, Esq., 
Teddington (gardener, Mr. Coombs), was adjudged first honours for 
handsome examples of the following varieties, the incurved being 
particularly deep, solid, and clean. Incurved—Back row - Queen of 
England, Golden Empress of India, Empress of India, Lord Alcester. 
Middle row—Bronze Queen, Lord Wolseley, and Princess .of Wales. 
Front row—Princess Teck, Mrs. Norman Davis, and John Balter. 
Japanese—Back row—Boule d’Or, E. Molyneux, Madame Audiguier, 
and Duchess of Albany. Middle row—Comtesse de Beauregarde, Mdlle. 
Lacroix, Val d’Andorre, and Madame P. Pigny. Front row—Jeanne 
Delaux, Mr. Garnar, M. J. Laing, and Criterion. J. D. Paul, Esq. 
(gardener, Mr. Munro), was a good second, having twelve fine Japanese 
blooms, but he lost some points on the incurved ; Mr. Davis was third. 
Mr. Furze had the best twelve incurved, and Mr. Munro the best twelve 
Japanese in the open classes, the latter being first in similar local classes. 
For six incurved of one variety Mr. Furze was first with grand blooms 
of Queen of England, followed by Mr. Munro with Empress of India, 
and by Mr. Bishop with Golden Empress of India. In a similar class 
for Japanese Mr. Munro won first honours for magnificent blooms of 
Boule d’Or, the finest specimens of the variety we have seen this year. 
Mr. Furze was second for Edwin Molyneux, and Mr. Bishop third with 
Madame C. Audiguier. With stands of flowers Mr. G. Filsell and Mr. 
W. Brown were the prizetakers in the order named, Mr. Brown also 
winning first prize for a bouquet. 
In the fruit classes Messrs. Street, Davis, and Parsons were the 
prizewinners for black Grapes ; Messrs. Davis, Garrod and Lambert for 
Pears ; Messrs. Smith, Fitzwaterand Parsons for Apples. The vegetables 
were numerous and good, Messrs. Stroud, Garrod and Coombs winning 
with collections. 
The non-competing exhibits were excellent as usual. H. Little, Esq., 
St. Margarets, showed a beautiful group of Cypripediums, especially 
of C. Spicerianum, and Lycastes. Mr. Bates, Poulett Lodge Gardens, 
Twickenham, sent a collection of well grown Chrysanthemum blooms. 
Messrs. Hooper & Co. had some excellent Gloxinia flowers. Messrs. Warren 
and Walker exhibited Cyclamens in fine condition. Mr. Poupart sent a 
collection of fruit, and Mr. Manns had an exhibit of fruit and vegetables. 
ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 
[Presidential address to the Highbury Micioscopical Society, by James A. Forster.] 
I PROPOSE in the following paper to give, in the simplest language, 
some few facts and observations illustrating what I would venture to 
term “ Economic Entomology,” and which I would describe as the 
natural history of the insect friends and foes of the gardener and 
agriculturist. 
The importance of the study of Economic Entomology is, I think, 
very generally much underrated. The entomologist is too often regarded 
with a sort of mild scorn as a man who pokes about in odd places and 
who finds his pleasure in childish pursuits, or as an enthusiast wasting 
his time over very insignificant things and claiming for them a pre¬ 
posterous importance—in fact, as an example of the old adage that 
“ Small things amuse small minds.” This, I hold, is not even just to 
the mere collector, but when applied to a true student of insect life is 
simply an opinion born of ignorance. Small in size, indeed, are the 
animals he studies, but their importance in the economy of Nature is 
very great and the study of their lives a most difficult one, requiring a 
highly trained observation, unlimited patience, unflagging zeal, and in 
addition to these, a humble reverence for Nature ; for to the arrogant 
and careless she will never tell her tale or disclose her secrets. To the 
insect world we owe our most beautiful dresses, famous and much- 
esteemed food, and some of our loveliest flowers. On the other hand, 
some of our direst misfortunes have been occasioned by insects, countries 
have been devastated by them, nations reduced to the verge of starva¬ 
tion, travelling rendered impossible, flocks annihilated. Surely the 
study of creatures capable of affording us such benefits and of inflicting 
such miseries cannot in any sense be deemed futile simply because they 
are, for the most part, small in size and insignificant, in appearance. 
Insignificant are they only to our unaided human eyesight. Bring the 
microscope to our aid, and away vanishes their insignificance, and they 
stand out revealed in all their wonder as creatures endowed with a 
beauty and strength that even the higher branches of the animal 
kingdom cannot rival. 
That the microscope has so furthered our knowledge of, and is so 
essential to, the study of insect life, I think sufficiently justifies my 
choice of a subject. I believe the subject is no unimportant factor 
in one of our greatest national problems—viz., the agricultural ques¬ 
tion. For, as it is evident that the conditions of agriculture in this 
country are undergoing and must undergo great changes, to result, 
probably, in the giving up of the old methods and the old productions, 
and the development of dairy farming, and the cultivation, at present 
neglected, of fruit and other products now largely imported from foreign 
countries—if this comes about, a national knowledge of insect life as- 
affecting agriculture will become of increasing necessity, for with every 
new cultivation will come new dangers from our insect enemies. 
Many an insect at present rare in this country, and of no general or 
economic interest, may, through the introduction of some new crop or 
some new method of working the land, suddenly become a most for¬ 
midable plague, placing the prosperity of the cultivator in the utmost 
peril. Such dangers can only be met and combated with success by a 
thorough knowledge of these minute creatures : their lives and habits, 
their histories, and, above all, their enemies themselves, for the most 
part insects. The majority of farmers and gardeners regard all insects- 
alike as things to be killed wherever seen, and in carrying out this 
theory murder some of their best friends, while many of their deadliest 
foes, from their habit of closely concealing themselves, or from their 
minute size, escape detection. 
(To be continued.) 
WORK,Foi\.THE\xfEEK,. 
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. 
Selections of Fruit Trees. —Already the work of planting has 
commenced, and a very busy season will be experienced by most 
nurserymen. Orders ought to be sent in at once, or the chances are the 
supply of many of the best varieties will be exhausted and inferior 
substitutes be sent instead. As a rule early planting is best, but those 
who prefer to defer the operation till the spring ought yet to order their 
trees at once, or disappointment may be the consequence of delay. If 
the trees are received this autumn they need not necessarily be finally 
planted at once, but may be laid in “ by their heels ” till the spring, 
strawy litter, or bracken being banked over the lightly covered roots 
before severe frosts occur. 
Apples. —Dessert varieties suitable for cordon, pyramidal, or bush 
training Beauty of Bath, Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Worcester Pear- 
main, King of the Pippins, Cox's Orange Pippin, Margil, Adams’ Pear- 
main, Blenheim Pippin, Braddick’s Nonpareil, Cornish Aromatic, Fearn’s 
Pippin, Court Pendft Plat, Ross Nonpareil, Ribston Pippin, Lord Burgh- 
ley, Cockle’s Pippin, Claygage Pearmain, Nonpareil, and Sturmer 
Pippin. Good culinary varieties also arranged somewhat in their order 
of ripening and suilable for garden culture are Keswick Codlin, Lord 
Suffield, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville Seedling, Duchess of Oldenburg, 
Emperor Alexander, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Kentish Pippin, Loddington, 
Mere de Menage, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Beauty of Kent, Lady 
Henniker, Lane’s Prince Albert, Warner’s King, Tower of Glam mis, 
Minchall Crab, Alfriston, Brabant Bellefleur, Reinette de Canada. 
Dumelow’s Seedling, Winter Margetin, Winter Greening, and Brownlee’s 
Russet. If the trees are required to bear almost at once, or are to be 
much restricted, they should be on the Paradise stock, but the largest 
and in the end most profitable are those on the natural or Crab stock. 
Varieties that succeed well as standards on the Crab stock, and there¬ 
fore suitable for orchard planting, are Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, 
Lord Grosvenor, Manks Codlin, Loddington, Cox’s Pomona, Beauty of 
Kent, Duchess of Oldenburg, Emperor Alexander, Small’s Admirable, 
Hollow Core, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Grenadier, Ecklinville Seedling, 
Warner’s King, Bedfordshire Foundling, Annie Elizabeth, Lane’s Prince- 
Albert, Golden Noble, Hollandbury, Pott’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, 
Minchall Crab, Reinette de Canada, London Pippin, New Hawthorn- 
den, Han well Souring, Bramley’s Seedling, Winter Greening, and Dume¬ 
low’s Seedling or Wellington. 
Pears. —Dessert varieties suitable for wall culture arranged some¬ 
what in their order of ripening :—Beurre Giffard, Jargonelle, V ilhams’ 
Bon ChrStien, Beurre d’Amanlis, Pitmaston Duchess, Flemish Beauty, 
British Queen, Beurre Superfin, Fondante d’Automne, Brown Beurre, 
J.! lilJUJLCL'Il J IlUJ CUL O j. nuoo Vi- j ~ ~ . k r 
Nelis Beurr4 Bachelier, Jewess, Beurre d’Aremburg, Glou Morfeau, 
Beurre Sterckmans, Josephine de Malines, Easter Beurre, Jean 
de Witte, Olivier de Serres, and Madame Millet. The following 
succeed well either as cordons, pyramids, or bush trees clear of 
but sheltered by garden walls : — Williams Bon Chretien, Beurre 
d’Amanlis, Pitmaston Duchess, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie 
Louise d’Uccle, Doyenne du Cornice, Durondeau, Beurre Superfin, 
Beurni Diel, Flemish Beauty, Duchesse d’Angouleme, Althorpe 
Crasanne, Beurre Hardy, General Todtleben, Beurre Clairgeau, Autumn 
Nelis, Bergamotte Esperen, Josephine de Malines, and Iluyshe s Victoria. 
For orchard standards plant Doyennd d’Ete, Autumn Bergamot, 
Lammas, Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon Chretien, Hessel, \V mdsor, Louise 
Bonne of Jersey, Beurre de Capiaumont, Fertility, Bishop s Thumb Jersey 
Gratioli, Eyewood, Swan’s Egg, Aston Town, and Colmar d Etc. All 
the last named should be on the natural or Pear stock, and this stock 13 
