Jnne iS, 1888. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
545 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
e. 
d. 
e. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Apple?, J sieve. 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
Oranges, per 100 .. 
4 
0 to 9 
0 
Nova Scotia and 
Peaches, dozen. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Canada barrel 10 
0 
18 
0 
Pears, dozen. 
0 
0 
0 
u 
Cobs, 100 lbs. 
45 
0 
0 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each 
s 
0 
6 
0 
Grapes, per tb. 
2 
6 
3 
6 
Strawberries, per lb. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Ii’.moiie, case. 
10 
0 
15 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
B. 
d. 
B, 
d. 
s. 
a. 
Artichokes, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 to 3 
0 
Lettuce, dozen *• •• 
0 
9 
to 1 
3 
Asparagus,bundle .. •• 
1 
0 
4 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet •• 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Beans, Kiduey, per Ib. .. 
0 
6 
0 
9 
Mustard and Cress, punt. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Beet,Ked, dozen •• •• 
1 
0 
2 
0 
New Potatoes, per cwt... 
8 
0 
14 
0 
Broccoli, bundle .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bunch. 
u 
3 
u 
0 
Brussels Sprouts, J sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cabbage, dozen ., .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Parsnips, dozen •• •• 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Capsicums, per 100 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Potatoes, per owt. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Carrots, bunch •• •• 
0 
4 
0 
0 
,, Kiduev,ver cwt. 
4 
0 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Rhubarb, bundle .. .. 
0 
a 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle .. .. 
1 
6 
a 
0 
Salsafv, bundle •• «• 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Ooleworts, dcz. bunches 
a 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzouera, bundle .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Cucumbers, each .. 
0 
4 
0 
7 
Shallots, per !b. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Spinach, bushel ,, .. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Herbs, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes, per tb, •• *• 
0 
6 
0 10 
Leeks, bunch •• •• 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips, bunch .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
MILK. 
In onr article upon Farming Eeform it was laid down in general 
terms that for the ordinary farm dairy neither pedigree nor im¬ 
ported animals were required, hut rather well-bred cows, either 
pure or cross-bred, of local breeds, such as are to be had in every 
county. It appears desirable to qualify this statement by insistence 
upon the importance of the really careful selection of such cows. 
For example, we should never recommend the ordinary pure-bred 
Sussex cow for the dairy, for it is a large fleshy animal yielding 
very little milk, but ripening so early for ihe butcher that many 
gentlemen in that county have two distinct herds—one of Channel 
Island cows for milk, another of Sussex cows for beef. This is all 
very well from a picturesque point of view, but a tenant farmer 
requires in his cow a fairly lusty condition combined with an 
abundant yield of rich milk. Such desirable points, are, we believe, 
capable of development in every breed of cows ; but, mark this ! 
they must be developed by careful selection, for the development 
of such points may occasionally be obtained by accident, but, as a 
rule, it is done by breeding from cows having some points of supe¬ 
riority over others. Take again, for example, the Shorthorns. 
Here we have results from selection which give distinct classes of 
this famous breed. In one herd of them we find beef and nothing 
else, in other plenty of deep milkers. It must be owned the milk 
is frequently of poor quality, but then dairy Shorthorns are gene¬ 
rally kept for an abundant yield of milk for sale, without regard 
to quality. Plenty of milk is wanted, and stimulating food is used 
to induce the cows to give it, yet if quality of milk were required 
it could soon be imparted. 
Food has doubtless very much influence upon the milk yield. It 
was proved to demonstration long ago that by judicious feeding 
the milk yield of a cow can be almost doubled ; and let it not be 
forgotten that rich food generally means rich milk. Cows have 
been so well bred and well fed that each of them has produced 
500 lbs. of butter in a year, but that is far beyond the ordinary 
quantity, for it must not be forgotten that it requires from two to 
three gallons of milk to produce a pound of butter. Another word 
about Shorthorns. From a dairy point of view they may be said 
to have deteriorated from over-selection, for three-quarters of a 
century ago the Durham cows, from which the Shorthorns have 
descended, were celebrated as much for the quality of milk as for 
their capacity to fatten quickly. 
In the selection of dairy cows it should be remembered that 
soft fine hair da smooth skin generally indicate high quality in 
the milk, but there are exceptions to this as to all rules. The class 
of cows we recommend for tenant farmers—that is to say, cows 
good for the dairy and fattening as well, are always kindly animals 
in excellent condition, with a soft skin and tolerably lusty condi¬ 
tion. Eemember the selection is not solely for quantity, but quan¬ 
tity and cjuality of milk in perfect combination. A very deep 
milker is usually “ a bag of bones ; ” the entire economy of the 
animal is given up to the secretion of milk, but the milk is often 
of superior quality. One such cow we had that continued a won¬ 
derful yield of milk to the last, and we were so accustomed to see 
her in low condition that we had no idea how severely the system 
was taxed till one morning she was' missed at milking time, and was 
found in a thicket dead. 
It has been laid down by a high authority on dairy farming that 
a dairy cow giving no more than 300 gallons of milk in a year is 
unprofitable. This low rate of yield may arise from careless 
breeding or careless feeding. If the former, the cow is not worth 
keeping for the dairy, if the latter an improved dietary is the 
remedy. No doubt very many dairy cows are sadly underfed 
even when turned out upon pasture. We like to see cows that are 
milked at 0 a.m., and at once turned out to grass lying down and 
ruminating by 10 A.jr. But if on the contrary they have to keep 
wandering the gi’eater part of the day in search of food, the 
yield of milk is unlikely to be so abundant, or the quality so 
high as it ought to be. A cow requires some 80 lbs. of food daily, 
yet many a cow probably does not get above half that amount. 
Well has it been said that poor land produces poor milk, and it is 
ridiculous for any farmer to attempt keeping dairy cows upon 
insufficient means. We have a neighbour who lias three cows— 
wretched starvelings all of them, yet if he had only one well fed 
animal he would certainly obtain more and better milk than he 
now has from three. We hope these general hints may be useful 
to our readers, but to any of them requiring more particular infor¬ 
mation we will gladly be of use. 
WORK OX THB HOME FARM. 
Farming work is so much affected by weather that no inflexible 
rules can be laid down for general guidance. In point of fact we wait 
upon the weather and adapt our plans to it as best we may. The 
“ dripping June ” weather still prevails, but we have had some trying 
alternations of cold— so trying that newly shorn sheep have suffered, and 
we have done what we could to afford them some shelter. Wheat 
coming into ear, as well as winter Oats, is short in straw, but we hope 
all corn will prove heavy in ear, for though somewhat backward in 
growth it is full of promise. The early crop of Peas which we men¬ 
tioned in our last work note proved profitable to the grower, who realised 
10s. per bushel for it at a local market. It is precisely the man who 
farms well, and is on the alert to take advantage of every opening, who 
continues to thrive. Much Rye Grass and Sainfoin has been mowed for 
hay, but the dull weather has retarded earting, and most of it is still 
out upon the land. The showery weather promotes free growth in the 
late grasses, and the haymaking is kept back, both by weather and a 
desire to secure a little more bulk per acre. Care must, however, be 
taken not to leave the grass unmown till seed is fully developed, or 
there will be mueh loss of quality in the hay. Just as the Grass is pass¬ 
ing out of the flowering stage is the best time to mow, but where some 
hundreds of acres has to be mown this is not an easy matter, but by the 
exercise of a little care all the grass can usually be had in fair condition 
for hay. Enthusiastic makers of silage declare there need be no more 
roots grown, and therefore a considerable saving may be effected. We 
never advocate extreme views, and certainly we do not propose to dis¬ 
continue growing some roots, but we have curtaileil the average of 
roots considerably, and take care to cultivate the remainder as well as 
possible. Much laird is wasted in root culture by having the rows too 
far apart. The only good reason for this is upon foul land to afford 
ample space for the free use of home hoes between the rows ; but when 
the land is clean we prefer having the rows as close as possible, and 
sowing upon the flat, not on the ridge. Very little thought is, we fear, 
put into such matters ; custom and habit insensibly affect farming work, 
yet a little thought sometimes suggests better methods. 
MANURES FOR PASTURES. 
THE DYSON’S WOOD EXPERIMENTS. 
Dyson’s "Wood, Kidmore, Oxon, is the residential estate of 
Mr. Martin J. Sutton. The district is charmingly rural, the 
estate well wooded, and the ground agreeably, in some places 
rather boldly, undulated. The commodious and substantial resi¬ 
dence is pleasantly situated among the trees, and the well-kept 
