378 
JOURNAL OF■ HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ October 29, 18SI. 
cause not only enables him to apply the proper remedy but it 
also induces caution in practice. Always in everything prevention 
is better than cure. We should soon cease to hear of heavy 
losses among cattle or other animals of the farm if only to 
ordinary painstaking were united sound practical and scientific 
knowledge. 
Quite recently, while on a railway journey, we got into con¬ 
versation with two tenant farmers ■who were complaining of heavy 
losses among calves from hoose this autumn. One of them said 
a neighbour of his had actually lost ten calves, and, according to 
their account, this sad state of things was very general. “What 
a pity it is,” said we, “ that proper means are not taken to 
prevent such losses.” This remark led to inquiry as to what 
could b9 done. Now one of these men said he once farmed 
2000 acres, at the present time he farms 700 acres, yet he was 
quite ignorant of the cause and remedy of hoose. He possessed 
no technical knowledge of a matter of such vital importance, and 
just drenched any that had the husky cough which so surely 
betokens the presence of the hoose worms in the bronchial or 
breathing tubes. 
How are such men to be protected against their own ignorance ? 
We are told that County Council lecturers on agriculture are simply 
telling farmers over again what has been told so well in the Journals 
of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Of course they are, 
and we only hope hard times and heavy losses may bring farmers 
sufficiently to their senses to induce them to attend the lectures. 
We would also urge upon the lecturers the importance of demon¬ 
stration. Take for example the complaint in question. Let the 
lecturers go to the farms of those who have the good sense to invite 
them ; let them take nosebags, sawdust, turpentine, and carbolic 
acid, the farmer providing hot water, and let them show the farmers 
how easily hoose worms are destroyed by inhaling the medicated 
vapour ; only it must be insisted upon that all calves treated shall 
henceforward till spring or summer, according to weather, be 
sheltered in clean dry buildings. 
Nor must the teaching stop here. The cause of hoose must be 
explained, and the possibility of prevention made quite clear. 
Never was there a better time to enforce this lesson. Calves that 
have been out on pasture since last spring have not thriven ; they 
are low in condition, no matter how well they have been fed with 
cake or mixed dry food. The low summer temperature, the 
showery weather, the constant exposure, has proved too exhaustive. 
So much of the food has been absorbed in keeping up vital heat, 
that anything like plump, or as graziers term it “fresh ” condition, 
was an impossibility. 
In the midlands the dairy lectures have been attended so well, 
and they are doing so much good, that one feels hopeful the 
lectures on other subjects will have equal attention. Care must 
be taken not to make them too complex. They should be clear, 
fairly simple, and yet sufficiently exhaustive to bring the whole 
matter before the hearers. The lectures must not be too long 
either ; short pithy lessons always tell best. If the lecturer can 
fix some fact of importance upon the minds of his hearers each 
time he addresses them, good work will be done and progress made. 
Such a reform and improvement in farming as it aimed at will not 
be effected by a single course of lectures, however excellent they 
may be. The work must be gradual if it is to be thorough, and the 
lectures should extend over three winters at least. By that time 
the importance of the work and its benefit to farmers will be 
understood, and then it is most probable that no winter will be 
allowed to pass by without lectures being looked for as a matter of 
course. 
Farmers may be alarmed by the idea that improvement means 
expense. It me ,n3 nothing of tie sort; on tte contrary, it will 
lead to economy of labour, time, and money. It will kssen expen¬ 
diture, and will rende • farm nj more profitable, more certain in 
results ; rr ore profitable not oily in the increasing yield of the 
land, but also in the earlier maturity of live stock. Losses from 
disease or exposure would practically cease with thorough shelter 
and cleanliness, growth would be accelerated, and the maintenance 
of condition would be easy enough. Under this improvement, 
too, although the quantity of food used might not be less, it would 
be turned to much better account, and the profit upon expenditure 
would certainly be much higher. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Look carefully after dairy cows now, and take them into yards at 
night with snug deep dry lodges for them to lie down in. Do not turn 
them out on very cold windy days, but on all fine days they should go- 
out, as there is such an abundance of fresh growth, more rich in nutri¬ 
ment than is usually the case so late in the year. But keep them from 
cold and wet always, wet from above and wet from below in the guise of 
sodden litter or overflowing drains. Let all small or delicate cows have 
a separate yard. Cows are easily trained to go to a particular yard or 
lodge. Keep the milk of stale cows apart from that of fresh cows, using- 
only the latter for making the butter required for home consumption. 
Farm horses should now be kept in the stables at night. To keep- 
them longer out on pasture is dangerous, as the risk of rheumatism from 
exposure to cold rains and frost is so great. See that horses have due 
attention after a heavy day on the land or a long journey by road. It is 
our interest, as it is our duty, to be kind to man and beast. Never 
forget that when a man comes to the stables late in the day, and possibly 
with his clothes wet through, the temptation to neglect the horses under 
his charge is very great. 
Have food, water, and bedding got ready for him, and if possible let 
him have help also to rub down the horses. This is all in the master’s- 
interest, and it should also induce better service on the part of the man. 
It will do so if he has sufficient sense to realise that he is cared for ancl 
thought of. A hot bran mash is an excellent thing for a tired horse, 
and we use it frequently ; that and a thorough rub down is a wholesome! 
and refreshing thing before the horse gets its hay and corn. These are 
all trifling matters eminently worthy of close attention, for it is- 
surprising how much ignorance and stupidity there is about horse 
management among men who have been with them all their lives. We 
were recently assured by a very worthy carter that it was particularly 
good for horses to lie out on pasture now. When pressed for a reason 
he could give none other than that he had always heard so. In this, as in- 
all other things, the master’s eye and judgment must be used for the 
protection of his property, and the guidance of ignorant though well- 
meaning men. 
OUR LETTER BOX. 
Guernsey Cows (IF. It. i?.).—The fact of your having bought a- 
cow for £17 proves that they are to be had at low prices if only your 
watch for sale announcements in the right way. Pray do not fo; get 
that dealers of all men are the most unlikely to assist you in obtaining- 
cheap cows. It is eutirely a matter for yourself. Ours was a general 
statement founded upon results of sales, and it is quite possible you may 
hear of double the amount mentioned being given for pedigree cows or 
specially selected animals had from dealers. 
Barley Competition. — At the Brewers’ Exhibition, London, 
which opened on Monday last, sixty-one English and twenty foreign 
competitors exhibit id samples of Malting Barley. The first prize and 
champion cup open to the world were awarded to Webbs’ Kinver 
Chevalier, shown by Mr. A. Tanner, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury ; the- 
second prize went to Mr. Estaugh for Webbs’ Golden Grain ; and the 
third to Mr. Combes for Webbs’ Kinver Chevalier. This is the fiftbi 
annual competition that has been held, and on each occasion Messrs. 
Webbs’ Barleys have won similar honours. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
CAMDEN SQUARE, LONDON. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
DATE. 
9 A M. 
IN THE DAY. 
PS 
1891. 
October. 
Barome¬ 
ter at 328 
and Sea 
Level. 
Hygrome¬ 
ter. 
Direction 
of Wind. 
Temp, of 
soil at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature. 
Dry. - 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
snn. 
On 
grass 
Inches. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg’ 
deg. 
In 
Sunday.18 
30.119 
46.8 
45.1 
W. 
50.0 
58.5 
41.6 
95.8 
36.0 
0.157 
Monday. 19 
29.479 
52.2 
52.0 
s. 
49.9 
55.0 
46.6 
61.2 
43.9 
0.252 
Tuesday .... 20 
29.557 
4S.9 
48.6 
S.E. 
49.9 
57.3 
42.6 
75.1 
35.3 
0.021 
Wednesday.. 21 
29.227 
55.0 
52.6 
s.w. 
49.9 
£9.6 
46.5 
93.6 
38.2 
0.467 
Thursday.... 22 
24.121 
52.2 
51.6 
s. 
50.1 
60.8 
48.2 
65.2 
42.1 
0.482. 
Friday .23 
29.326 
55.9 
52.8 
s.w. 
50.9 
56.4 
48.9 
91.2 
49.3 
— 
Saturday .... 24 
29.758 
46.5 
46.2 
s.w. 
50.3 
51 .0 
42.9 
73.1 
35.1 
— 
29.513 
51.1 
49.8 
59.1 
57.1 
45.3 
79.3 
40.0 
1.379i 
REMARKS. 
18th.—Brilliant morning; cloudy at times in afternoon and evening. 
18th.—Wet from 1 A.M. to 4 p.M.; tair evening, lunar halo. 
20th.—Mis-ty early ; fine day, with occasional sunshine. 
21st.— Heavy show ers early ; bright from 10.30 AM. tomiset; sho' es in evening. 
22id.—Incessant rain from 2,30 A.M. to? P.M. 
23 -d.—Fine, and generally bright. 
24:h—Fine, with occasional sunshine. 
Temp rature still slightly above the avera-e; air dimp, and rain in excess,—Q, J. 
SYMONS. 
