December 10, 1891. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
493 
diluted ammonical solution was used at the rate of an ounce of the 
salt to 25 gallons of water. One ounce wa3 dissolved in a quart of 
ammonia (strength 22° Baumfi) and the solution added to the water 
just before the treatment at the rate named. 
“ When the copper carbonate was applied in suspension, an ounce 
was first stirred in a small quantity of water, and the mixture thus 
formed was added to 12£ gallons of water. 
“ The sulphur powder was used according to the directions on the 
package, i.e., 10 ibs. were added to a barrel (50 gallons) of water, 
and allowed to stand a few hours before use. The yellow coloured liquid 
resulting was employed without dilution. As the barrel became nearly 
■empty it was again filled with water, and the solution used as before. 
“ The mixture No. 5 was used as suggested by you (Mr. Galloway)— 
viz., 12 ozs. to 22 gallons of water in the first two treatments, but owing 
to injury to the foliage it was diluted one-third in the later sprayings. 
“ The trees selected for the experiment were of medium size, and all 
promised a full crop of fruit, though all did not mature a full crop. 
None of the trees used in the experiment in 1889 were employed in the 
•experiment here reported. The first treatment was given on May 5th, 
and others were made May 13th, 31st, June 5th, 16th, 28th, July 14th, 
25th, August 6th, 19th, and September 2nd. Of course all the trees 
were not treated at all these sprayings. The treatment of June 5th was 
intended to supplement that of May 31st, much rain having fallen 
between the dates. As the Apples showed indications of maturity the 
•entire crop on each of the trees selected for the experiment was gathered 
and assorted into three qualities as follows :— 
1. Fruits free from scab. 
2. Fruits showing scab spots, but not of sufficient size or number to 
distort the Apples. 
3. Fruits more affected. 
“ In assorting the crops only the scab was considered, size and insect 
injury being ignored. Some of the fruits placed in the first quality were 
badly distorted by insect injuries, and were very small in size. In like 
manner some fruits of comparatively large size were of necessity placed 
in the third quality.” 
Tables follow showing the number of trees sprayed, with the number 
of times and dates of spraying, from which we glean that one tree of 
Canada Peach Apple sprayed with suspended copper carbonate two 
times before bloom, two after bloom ; dates, May 5th, 13th, and 31st, 
June 5th, gave 257 fruits ; first quality, 16 34 per cent.; second quality, 
77 43 ; third quality, 6 23. One tree of the same variety sprayed with 
suspended copper four times after bloom, dates May 31st, June 5th 
{extra on account of rain)) 16th and 28th, July 14th, gave 175 fruits; 
first quality, 5-71 per cent.; second quality, 72 - 57 ; third quality, 21-72. 
One tree of Fameuse Apple treated with suspended copper carbonate 
■six times—viz., May 31st, June 5th (extra), 16th, and 28th, July 14th 
and 25th, August 16th, produced 633 fruits ; first quality, 3’79 ; second 
quality, 41-71 ; third quality, 54-38 per cent. 
Spraying with ammoniacal copper carbonate six times, dates as last 
given, fruits, 1-027; first quality, 2 - 82 ; second quality, 32 91; third 
quality, 6427 per cent. One tree sprayed two times, May 31st, June 
5th (extra) and 28th, produced 1161 fruits ; first quality, 316 ; second 
quality, 37*15 ; third quality, 59 69 per cent. One tree sprayed once 
before bloom, three after bloom, May 7th and 31st, June 5th (extra), 
16th, and 28th, bore 912 fruits ; first quality, 20 61 ; second quality, 
56-47; third quality, 22-92 per cent. Bean’s sulphur powder, six 
sprayings, May 31st, June 5th (extra), 16th, and 28th, July 14th and 
25th, August 6th, fruits, 1359 ; first quality, 1-18 ; second quality, 28 18 ; 
third quality, 75 64 per cent. 
Mixture, No. 5, eight sprayings, May 31st, June 5th (extra), 16th, and 
28th, July 14th and 25th, August 6th and 19th, September 2nd, fruits, 
1096; first quality, 18-70; second quality, 52-56; third quality, 28 74 
per cent. One Canada Peach Apple tree, check, not sprayed, fruits 
•865 ; first quality, 0'36 ; second quality, 68"98 ; third, 30 66 per cent. 
One Fameuse tree, fruits, 258, first quality, 1-16 ; second quality, 22-87 ; 
third quality, 75-97 per cent. 
In addition to carefully compiled tables, from which the preceding 
are taken, diagrams are given showing the results of the treatments in 
black and white, and shaded lines representative of qualities. White 
first quality, diagonal lines the second, and the black portion the third 
quality. From these it appears that the mixture No. 5 was considerably 
the more efficacious ; that the sulphur powder actually appeared to 
increase the amount of scab, and that there were little difference in 
the results obtained by using copper carbonate suspended in water and 
in ammoniacal solution. In spraying the Canada Peach Apple with 
suspended copper carbonate before and after bloom, the benefit from 
the treatment before bloom is very perceptible, which indicates that this 
method of using copper carbonate is capable of giving good results. 
The value of spraying once before the flowers have opened and three 
times after the petals had fallen is apparent from the fact that it is 
more efficacious in preventing Apple scab than four sprayings made 
after the fruit is set. Eight treatments gave only slightly better results 
than four, but four gave considerably better results than two. It must 
be noted that the first two sprayings succeeding the fall of the petals 
gave no results, the rains then prevailing washing off the fungicide, and 
rains simply promote the growth of the fungus, for the June 28th and 
July 14th sprayings proved beneficial, because the weather was less wet; 
.and it is evident that treatment made after midsummer are of doubtful 
value, as stated in the subjoined summary. 
Prof. Goff states that the experiments suggest the following con¬ 
clusions :— “I,, That in seasons of excessive rams in early summer 
the scab on badly infested trees cannot be wholly prevented by the 
treatments given in this experiment. II., That of the substances tested 
the mixture of ammonium carbonate and ammoniated copper sulphate 
(designated as mixture No. 5) was most efficient. III., That the pre¬ 
cipitated copper carbonate applied stirred in water, as we use Paris 
green, is nearly or quite as efficient as when one-half the amount was 
applied dissolved in ammonia, a point which, if confirmed by future 
trials, is important, as it will render possible the use of Paris green for 
the codlin moth at the same spraying with the fungicide. IV., That 
early treatments, and especially at least one treatment previous to the 
opening of the flowers, is extremely important.” 
It is stated that the C03t for spraying one tree once with ammoniacal 
copper carbonate is, including labour of preparing, about 6 cents. (3d.) ; 
that of spraying one tree with suspended copper carbonate, using double 
the amount as in the above, is about 42 cents. (2d ), the mixture No. 5 
costing practically the same as the ammoniacal solution. “ V., That spray¬ 
ings after midsummer are at best of doubtful value. VI., That on trees 
badly infested with scab the fruits that develop may be so far reduced 
in size by the fungus as to diminish the crop nearly 20 per cent., but this 
is doubtless but a small part of the injury actually produced.” 
Professor Goff, in concluding an extremely valuable report, advises 
that in future experiments a larger number of trees be employed as 
duplicates. Additional notes on the experiments in treating Apple 
scab (Fusicladium dendriticum) are given by Mr. Hatch, on whose fruit 
farm the experiments were conducted, and having an important bearing 
on the use of fungicides in some essential points they are subjoined :— 
“ It is my opinion that the first spraying for the Apple scab should be 
made much earlier than the time usually selected for the first spraying 
for the codlin moth. The foliage i3 then pretty well formed, and the 
past season we found well developed scab spots upon the leaves ?it that 
time. The few scab spots found later in the season that appeared to 
have been killed by the treatment warrants the conclusion that the chief 
benefit of spraying comes through the destruction of the spores that have 
gained lodgment upon the fruit and foliage. The results in the case of 
the trees treated before blooming also points in this direction. I think 
it possible that a treatment before the buds have commenced to expand 
would be productive of much good. The extremely heavy rains of June 
and the first part of July rendered the season very unfavourable for 
the work, and resulted in loss of the benefits of spraying my main 
orchards for both Apple scab and insects. Still, by persistent efforts I 
think we have some valuable results. At least we have done all possible 
to make them successful, and our thanks are due to Professor Goff for 
his aid at various stages of the work. My loss from Apple scab has been 
very serious, not only in fruit but aho in foliage, and the magnitude of 
its injury warrants still further efforts in combating it. We found 
mixture No. 5 very persistent upon the foliage, but apparently too strong 
in ammonia. Its caustic effects were so apparent that for some of the 
later sprayings we reduced the quantity one-third. The solution of 
carbonate of copper, although diluted 100 parts with water, had 
similar effects, and I would suggest that it may possibly be found 
equally efficient if diluted even 200 time3. We used strong ammonia 
(supposed to be 22° Baumfi) to make a saturated solution (about 1 oz. to 
1 quart). In using carbonate of copper in water alone I think we used 
too little. There would have been no harm to the foliage if used several 
times as strong, nor indeed is it likely to prove injurious in any degree.” 
The use of precipitated carbonate of Icopper in suspension is really 
worth all the experiments. It not only proves the possibility of one 
treatment answering the purpose of a combined fungicide and insecti¬ 
cide, proves that iprecipitated carbonate of copper does not injure 
the foliage and fruit, and may be used with perfect safety, but 
it establishes the fact that the surfaces coated with a thin film 
of copper carbonate are practically invulnerable to attack by the 
fungus, and that its germinal tubes are destroyed by the copper at the 
point of contact. In fact, fungoid diseases must be treated early— 
in advance of the germination of the spores. If allowed to germinate 
and the mycelium have penetrated beneath the epidermis no treatment 
does more than arrest the disease, if that, whereby trouble and loss is 
entailed, which by early treatment might have been prevented. 
The “ Journal of Mycology,” as will be seen from the foregoing ex¬ 
tracts, of which we are heartily ashamed to have made such copious use, 
but it is justified, for in this country we absolutely do nothing to 
prevent the spread of fungoid disease but let whole fields of Potatoes 
rot before our eyes. On this subject, Potato disease, the “Journal of 
Mycology” is not silent, but contains some very cogent notes on 
experiments conducted by Prof. Goff on Mr. Hatch’s farm, which I hope 
to allude to on a future occasion.—G. Abbey. 
PACKING THE JOINTS OF HOT-WATER PIPES. 
There are many complaints of the bursting of sockets that have 
been packed with iron filings. The cause is unquestionably the use of 
too much sal ammoniac amongst the borings. The too free use of this 
is rapidly bringing iron joints into bad repute. They are without doubt 
the best and most durable that can be made, provided the necessary 
care is exercised in mixing the materials. Excess of sal ammoniac 
destroys the properties of the metal, and the sockets are certain to burst 
sooner or later. They fail when the rope placed into the joints begins 
decaying. The sockets often burst during the time the fires are not 
employed, or almost directly after they have been restarted or heat 
turned on to the pipes. The length of time the sockets last after these- 
