December 10, 1891. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
607 
Malmalson Carnations Diseased (T. S .).—The “grass” is 
badly infested with a fungus, probably Puccinia Arenariae, which forms 
small brown masses, often in irregularly concentric groups on the leaves 
of many Caryophyllaceous plants. The masses on Malmaison Carnation 
“ grass ” are larger than on Pinks, and are more disastrous to cultivated 
than wild plants, for this fungus infests a number of wild as well as 
garden plants of the class named ; and, unless the fungus is very 
abundant the host plant is not materially damaged or hindered in its 
growth. The spores are pale yellowish brown and slender. Taey are 
abundant, and the mycelium of the fungus is unusually vigorous in the 
“ grass ” you sent. There is no remedy for these internal parasites, 
except by the removal and destruction of the infested growths ; but the 
disease can be prevented by early treatment with copper, and bad as 
your plants are we advise your spraying them with precipitated 
carbonate of copper in suspension at intervals of seven days twice, and 
afterwards at fortnightly or three weeks’ intervals. Use 1 oz. to 
12 J gallons of water, merely covering the “grass” each time with a 
mist-like but even water film on both surfaces. 
Young: Apple Trees Cankered (./. R.). — There is always 
danger of canker intervening in transplanting trees from level ground, 
and substantial soil to light soil, and a position facing south and rather 
exposed, as they are not only checked by the removal but by the 
different climatic conditions, and the bark becomes hardened, the trees 
showing dark patches in places, and dying forms wounds, which may or 
may not be infested with the fungus—Nectria ditissima. If mere 
wounds they will soon heal naturally, but if infested with fungus they 
will enlarge, and ultimately destroy the branch attacked. Evidently the 
manure you have applied has no effect on the canker, therefore we 
assume the trees are infested with fungus. In that case the only 
remedy is to cut out the affected parts and burn them, dressing the 
wounds with grafting wax or grafting clay if any cankered patches are 
removed on the stem or large branches with a knife. This will certainly 
arrest the spread of the disease, and it will be to a great extent 
prevented by promoting growth in the trees, mulching the roots with 
partially decayed stable litter, and top-dressing with phosphatic and 
potassic manures. Canker is caused by various conditions of soil, 
climate, and management; but there cannot be any canker iesulting of 
fungus without wounds and the presence of spores. We therefore 
advise your cutting off the heads of the old trees badly affected with 
canker and burn the tops, grafting the trees with free-growing sorts such 
as Lord Grosvenor and Bramley’s Seedling, at the proper time. We 
should be glad if you would name the varieties that are most infected 
with canker, also those most free and longer resisting its attacks in 
your light soil. 
Names of Fruits. — Notice. —Special attention is directed to the 
following decision, the object of which is to discourage the growth of 
inferior and promote the culture of superior varieties. In consequence 
of the large number of worthless Apples and Pears sent to this office to 
be named , it has been decided to name only specimens and varieties of 
approved merit , and to reject the inferior , which are not worth sending 
or growing . The names and addresses of senders of fruit to be named 
must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether letters 
referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are not 
necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only six 
specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cinnot 
be preserved. (./. S ).—The Pear was a poor specimen, but it is 
probably Nouveau Poiteau. (Z7. E. Arnatt). —Broompark. 
Names of Plants. —We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, dry 
wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once, 
and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(A. B) —As you may see clearly stated above, we do not undertake to 
name varieties of florists’ flowers. Possibly you may be right in your 
surmise. Why not send it to the person from whom you obtained your 
plants ? _ 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET. —December 9th. 
HEAVY consignments of Nova Scotia and Canada Apples to band, considerably 
depressing the English market. Trade generally quiet. 
FRUIT. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
B. 
d. 
Apples, 4-sieve .. .. 
l 
0 ta 
4 
0 
Grapes, per lb. 
• • 
0 
6 
to 2 
6 
Apples, Canada and Nova 
Lemons, case .. .. 
Oranges, per 100 .. 
15 
0 
20 
0 
Scotia, per barrel .. 
12 
0 
18 
0 
• • 
4 
0 
y 
0 
Cobs, Kent, per luO lbs. .. 
bo 
0 
35 
0 
St. Michael Pines, eaoh.. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. .. 
0 
4 to 
0 
6 
Mustard & Cress, punnet 
0 
2 
to 0 
0 
Beet, lied, dozen .. .. 
l 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bunch .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
5 
Carrots, bunch .. .. 
Cauliflowers, dozen.. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
8 
0 
2 
0 
8 
0 
Parsnips, dozen .. 
, # 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle . 
1 
0 
1 
8 
Potatoes, per cwt. .. 
• • 
8 
0 
4 
0 
Coleworts, doz. bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle .. 
• • 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Cucumbers, doz . 
1 
0 
2 
6 
Soorzonej-a, bundle .. 
• • 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen . 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Seakale, per basket .. 
• • 
1 
6 
1 
9 
Herbs, bunch .. 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. .. 
Spinach, bushel .. 
• • 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Leeks, bunch .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
• • 
2 
0 
0 
0 
Lettuce, score .. .. .. 
0 
y 
1 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. .. 
• • 
0 
4 
1 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet .. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Turnips, bunch .. 
• • 
0 
0 
0 
i 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE PRICES.—CUT FLOWERS 
Orchid Blooms rather scarce in variety. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
a. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
4 
0 
to 6 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches.. 
l 
6 to 3 
0 
Azalea, dozen sprays 
l 
0 
1 
6 
Mimosa or Acacia 
Bouvardias, bunch .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
(French'*, per bunch .. 
l 
0 
1 
8 
Carnations, 12 blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Myosotis, dozen bunches 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Christm* sRoses doz.blms. 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Narciss(French)doz. bchs. 
3 
0 
6 
O 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
Pelargoniums, 12 buncheB 
6 
0 
12 
0 
bunches. 
4 
0 
12 
0 
„ scarlet, 12 bnchs 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
Primula(double)l2 sprays 
0 
6 
1 
(? 
blooms. 
0 
9 
8 
0 
Pyrethrum, doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Cyclamen, dozen blooms 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Boses (indoor), dozen .. 
1 
6 
8 
O' 
Eucharis, dozen .. .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
„ Red (English) per 
Gardenias, per doz. 
8 
0 
6 
0 
dozen blooms .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Hyacinths (Roman) doz. 
„ Tea, white, dozen.. 
1 
0 
8 
0 
sprays . 
0 
6 
1 
0 
„ Yellow, dozen .. 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Lapageria, 12 blooms 
1 
0 
8 
0 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms .. 
0 
4 
u 
h 
Lilium longiflorum, 12 
White Lilac (French) per 
blooms. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
bunch . 
6 
0 
7 
6 
Lilium (var.) doz. blooms 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Violet Parme, French bch. 
8 
6 
4 
o 
Marguerites, 12 bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
2 
0 
2 
6 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
„ „ small bnchs 
1 
6 
2 
0 
bunches. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
„ English, doz, bnchs 
1 
0 
1 
& 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
a. 
Aralia Sieboldi, dozen .. 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen.. 
4 
Oto 
18 
a 
Arbor Vitae (golden) doz. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Ficus elastica, each.. .. 
1 
6 
7 
0 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Foliage plants, var., eaoh 
3 
0 
10 
0 
,, large, doz. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Heliotrope, per doz. .. 
4 
0 
6 
a 
Cyclamen, per dozen .. 
12 
0 
18 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen 
6 
0 
12 
a 
Dracaena terminalis, doz. 
24 
0 
42 
0 
Mignonette, per dozen .. 
6 
0 
8 
a 
„ viridis, dozen .. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Erica gracilis, per doz. .. 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Palms, in var., each.. .. 
2 
6 
21 
0 
„ hyemalis, doz. .. 
12 
0 
18 
0 
Pelargoniums,scarlet, doz 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Euonymus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Solanum, per dozen 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Evergreens, in var dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
WINTER KEEPING. 
Pastures were hoary with frost; trees, too, were equally hoary* 
for the fog was dense and the air keen and biting as we were 
driving to Meltcn Mowbray in the early morn of a real November 
day. As we passed through Great Dalby we saw the title of this 
paper in large type on a placard announcing the sale by auction of 
the right to graze cattle on certain pastures during winter. Nearer 
Melton we saw cattle of all sizes, from sturdy stirks downwards to 
small calves, out on the frozen pastures, whence they have to 
obtain bare subsistence during winter. Some cake may be given 
them daily; but foddering with hay will hardly begin while 
“ winter keeping ” continues so abundant. As the “ fog ” becomes 
scarce some hay will be taken out on the pastures once daily, and 
the hungry beasts will eagerly consume every scrap of it. 
Upon the face of it such treatment may wear the guise of true 
economy ; we invite those who follow the practice to consider if it 
is so in reality. “ Fog,” we may inform the uninitiated, is a com¬ 
prehensive term, embracing all long herbage found on pastures 
now ; much of it is yellow or brown with age, a sure indication of 
the loss of nutriment. Its consumption is a certainty, as the cattle 
are driven to eat it by hunger. The pasture is cleared and is bare 
enough of herbage before spring. Bare, too, are the ribs of the 
half-starved cattle ; all are in low condition, many of them being 
so weak that they succumb to any ailments. Losses mount up, 
especially among young stock, yet it does not appear to occur to the 
graziers to attempt any new departure in management. Cattle so 
obviously suffer severely during winter from a low dietary and exposure 
to wet and cold, that it cannot be difficult to see how very possible 
and desirable a better system of management is. 
Blind faith in custom brings to auction sales of winter keeping 
plenty of eager competitors, the time of outlying pasture now for 
store beasts being as common in the midlands as is that of summer 
grazing in southern counties. Marsh flock masters withdraw the 
sheep from their native fat pastures and send them to uphand farms 
during winter, because they know the sheep would suffer—would 
not thrive, in fact, on the low damp marshes. They evidently are. 
aware that animals do suffer from exposure to cold and wet, and 
instead of looking on with the supine indifference of a midland 
grazier, they bestir themselves, and the sheep are all “ over the 
