July 80,1885. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER, 
97 
course the absence of so many who had entered made many gaps in the lon° 
and beautiful tent in which they were displayed. 
Although in following the schedule I take the nurserymen first, yet on 
this, as on most occasions this year, the amateur Roses were superior. This 
is not to be wondered at. Growers such as Messrs. Whitwell, Hall. Pem¬ 
berton, Slaughter, and others, who bestow great pains and labour on their 
plants, and have them well under command, and being thoroughly good 
rosarians, studying the wants of each variety, must be in a more favourable 
position for getting exhibition flowerB than those who have tens and hun¬ 
dreds of thousands to look after; but some of the stands to-day were of a 
high order of merit, especially those exhibited by Messrs. Harkness & Son. 
The highest class was that for sixty, Mr. Whitwell thinking this quite large 
enough for the north, and in this Messrs. Harkness & Son were well first 
with an excellent stand of bright and clean flowers, consisting of Alfred 
Colomb, Frangois Michelon, Horace Yernet, Marie Verdier, Helen Paul, 
Charles Lefebvre, Comtesse de Serenye, Hlrich Brunner, Baroness Roth¬ 
schild, Beauty of Waltham, Eugene Yerdier, Prince Arthur, Madame Gabriel 
Luizet, A. K. Williams, Madame Sophie Fropot, E. Y. Teas, Madame Mar- 
gottin, Madame Hippolyte Jamain, Pierre Notting, Marie Guillot, Exposition 
de Brie, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Marquise de Castellane, Violette Bouyer, 
Au.uste Rigotard, Marie Rady, Reine du Midi, Dr. Andry, Etienne Levet, 
La France, Baron Hausmann, Paul Heron, Madame Berard, Emilie Haus¬ 
berg, Le Havre, M. Hippolyte Jamain, Duke of Wellington, Abel Carriere, 
President, Louis Yan Houtte, Antoine Ducher, Duke of Edinburgh, Inno- 
cente Pirola, Edouard Morren, Harrison Weir, Queen of Queens, Star of 
Waltham, Mardchal Niel, Due de Rohan, Merveille de Lyon, Madame 
Cldmence Joigneaux, Magna Charta, Marie Finger, Victor Verdier, Madame 
Willermoz, Duke of Connaught, Duchesse de Morny, Camille de Rohan, and 
Duchessede Caylus. The Cranston Company were second, Mr. May equal 
second, and Mr. Frettingham (Beeston) third. 
In Class 2, for twenty-four trebles, Messrs. Harkness it Sons were again 
first with Ulrich Brunner, Emilie Hausberg, Charles Lefebvre, Frangois 
Michelon, La France, Paul Neron, Pierre Notting, Merveille de Lyon, Louis 
Van Houtte, Antoine Ducher, Duke of Edinburgh, Madame Victor Verdier, 
Peach Biossom, Prince Arthur’, Comtesse de Serenye, Fisher Holmes, Marie 
Baumann, Due de Rohan, Magna Charta, E. Y. Teas, Violette Bouyer, and 
A. K. Williams. The Cranston Company were second. 
In Class 3, for thirty-six, the same firm again headed the list with 
Charles Lefebvre, Emile Hausberg, Alfred Colomb, Merveille de Lyon, Paul 
Neyron, Beauty of Waltham, La France, Marie Baumann, Madame Wil¬ 
lermoz, Duchesse de Morny, Marie Finger, Le Havre, Prince Arthur, Mare- 
cbal Niel, Exposition de Brie, Miss Hassard, E. Y. Teas, Due de Rohan, 
Magna Charta, A. K. Williams, Frangois Michelon, Prince de Portia, Fisher 
Holmes, Madame Victor Verdier, Louis Van Houtte, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, 
Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Connaught, Violette Bouyer, Duke of Wel¬ 
lington, Marie Verdier, Prince Arthur, and Ambroise Ducher. Mr. H. May 
was second, and the Cranston Company third. 
In Class 4, for thirty-six distinct varieties, Messrs. Burrell ife Co. were 
first with Marie Radv, Mdlle. Marie Cointet, Alfred Colomb, Dapuy Jamain, 
Princess Beatrice, Charles Darwin, Countess of Rosebery, Baron de Bon- 
stetten, Marie Verdier, A. Iv. Williams, Sultan of Zanzibar, Innocente Pirola, 
Louis Van Houtte, Emilie Hausberg, Marie Bernardin, Abel Carriere, 
Etienne Levet, La France, Star of Waltham, Madame Hippolyte Jamain, 
John Stuart Mill, Queen of Queens, Merveille de Lyon, Earl of Pembroke, 
Marie Finger, Prince Camille de Rohan, Frangois Michelon, Duchess of 
Bedford, Duke of Teck, Charles Lefebvre, Marie Baumann, Comtesse de 
Nadaillac, Senateur Vaisse, and Madame Gabriel Luizet. Messrs. R. Mack 
and Co. were an equal first, and Mr. John Boston third. 
In Class 5, for eighteen trebles, Messrs. Mack & Son were first with 
Alfred Colomh, Baroness Rothschild, A. K. Williams, Comtesse de Serenye, 
E. Y. Teas, Madame Gabriel Luizet, Charles Lefebvre, Duchesse de Vallom- 
brosa, Madame Victor Verdier, Exposition de Brie, Madame Hippolyte 
Jamain, Duke of Wellington, La France, Duchess of Bedford, Duchesse de 
Morny, Dr. Andry, and Horace Verdier. 
In Class 6, twelve Teas or Noisettes, Messrs. Burrell & Co. were first 
with Catherine Merrnet, Madame Hippolyte Jamain, Comtesse de Nadaillac, 
Souvenir d’un Ami, Reine de Portugal, Niphetos, Princess of Wales, Inno¬ 
cente Pirola, Caroline Kuster, Madame Angele Jacquier, Jean Ducher, and 
Reve d’Or. 
In Class 7 for twelve Teas, trebles, Messrs. Harkness & Son were first 
with Catherine Merrnet, Madame Hippolyte Jamain, Marecbal Niel, Presi¬ 
dent, Marie Guillot, Madame Lambard, Marie V an Houtte, Due de Magenta, 
Jean Ducher, America, Innocente Pirola, and Madame Berard. Messrs. 
May <fe Son second. 
We now turn to the amateurs, where Mr. E. R. Whitwell exhibited in 
grand style, although not in as good form as we have seen him. Having 
seen his garden I know that late as it was he was not yet fully in bloom ; 
but still his flowers were very grand. Iu Class P for thirty-six varieties, he 
was first with La France, Thomas Mills, Captain Christy, Etienne Levet, 
Merveille de Lyon, Marie Baumann, Marie Rady, Duchesse de Morny, 
A. K. Williams, Duke of Connaught, Madame Charles Wood, Princess Mary 
of Cambridge, Eugene Verdier, Louis Van Houtte, Marquise de Castellane, 
Jean Ducher, Mons. Noman, Camille de Rohan, Frangois Michelon, Alfred 
Colomb, Charles Lefebvre, Marie Verdier, Madame Victor Verdier, Pride of 
VV altham, Dr. Andry, Duke of Edinburgh,Baroness Rothschild, John Stuart 
Mill, Madame Hippolyte Jamain, Le Havre, Comtesse d’Oxford, Madame 
Lacharme, Lord Macaulay, Belle Lyonnaise, E. Y. Teas, and Victor Verdier. 
Mr. T. B. Hall of Larchwood, Rockferry, was second with a stand of great 
excellence, and considering the distance he had come with them they bore 
proofs of very superior cultivation. In Class 9 for twenty-eight varieties, 
trebles, the same gentlemen occupied the same position. Mr. Whitwell's 
Roses were La France, Charles Lefebvre, Francois Michelon, Alfred 
Colomb, Madame Hippolyte Jamain, Thomas Mills, Marie Rady, Duchesse 
de Moray, Pride of Waltham, Mary Baumann, Duke of Connaught), Marie 
Verdier, Princess Mary of Cambridge, Madame Victor Verdier, Lord 
Macaulay, Captain Christy, E. Y. Teas, and Merveille de Lyon. 
In Class 10, for twenty-four varieties, Mr. Geo. Finlay, gardener, East 
Layton Hall, and Mr. J. E. Backhouse were equal first. The stand of the 
former contained, Dr. Andry, Frangois Michelon, Merveille de Lyon, Charles 
Darwm, Ulrich Brunner, La France, Etienne Levet, Louis Van Houtte, 
Black Prince, Marie Baumann, Auguste Rigotard, Marie Finger, A. K. 
Williams, Sultan of Zanzibar, Baroness Rothschild, Duchesse de Caylus, 
Gabriel Luizet, E. Y. Teas, Princess Mary of Cambridge, Prince Arthur, 
Dupuy Jamain, Alfred Colomb, and Marie Rady. In Class 11, for twelve 
single trusses, Mr. E. B. Lindsell of Hitchin was first with a good stand of 
Marie Baumann, Victor Verdier, Marhchal Niel, Duchess of Bedford, Prince 
Arthur, Anna Ollivier, Alfred Colomb, Horace Vernet, A. K. Williams, 
Charles Darwin, Pride of Waltham, and Le Havre. In Class 12, for twelve 
singles, open to residents within thirty miles of Darlington who have not 
taken a first prize at a National Rose Society’s Exhibition beside Darlington, 
Mr Austin Whitton of Bedale was first with Francois Michelon, Etienne 
Levet, A. K. Williams, Madame Falcot, John Stuart Mill, La France, Duke of 
Edinburgh, Captain Christy, Paul Neyron, Souvenir d’Elise, Beauty of 
Waltham, and Pierre Notting. Mr. F. Myers was second, Mr. John Mitchell 
third, and JMr. S. Shortt fourth. In Class 13, for nine single blooms, Mr. 
James Carnegie was first with Camille Bernardin, Madame Berard, Marie 
Finger, La France, Charles Lefebvre, Alfred Colomb, Duke of Edin¬ 
burgh, John Hopper, and Frangois Michelon. Mr. James Noble was 
second, and Miss Fanny Newby, Ouston Hall, Stockton, third. In 
Class 14, for six distinct, Mr. Jas. Finger was first with Etienne Levet, 
Captain Christy, Marquise de Castellane, Due de Wellington, Gabriel Luizet, 
and La France. In class 15, for twelve Teas or Noisettes, open to all 
members, Mr. Eckroyd Claxton was first with a beautiful stand, consisting 
of Madame Cusin, very lovely, Adrienne Christophle, Catherine Merrnet, 
Alba Rosea, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Marie Van Houtte, Frangisca Kruger, 
Hippolyte Jamain, Madame Lambard, Edith Giffard, President, and Princess 
of Wales. Mr. T. B. Hall was second. In class 16, for six Teas, Mr. E. R. 
Whitwell was first with Catherine Merrnet, a fine bloom, a little wanting in 
colour ; Innocente Pirola, Bouquet d’Or, Marie Van Houtte, Belle Lyonnaise, 
and Madame Lambard. Mr. W. Boyes was second, and Mr. Whitton third. 
In class 18, for twelve blooms of best dark Hybrid Perpetuals, Mr. E. R. 
Whitwell was first with Marie Baumann, Messrs. Mack & Son were second, 
and Mr. T. B. Hall third. Mr. Whitwell also took first for the best box of 
light Roses with La France, one of the most perfect boxes of the flower 
I ever saw exhibited. In class 11), for the best twelve yellow Teas or 
Noisettes, Mr. May was first with Marechal Niel, and in the collection of 
Moss Roses the Cranston Company was first, and indeed in these two last 
cases there were no other exhibitors. The silver medal given by the 
National Rose Society for the best Hybrid Perpetual in the amateur classes 
was awarded to Mr. Whitwell fora remarkably fine bloom of Etienne Levet, 
and the silver medal for the best Tea to Mr. Claxton for the bloom of 
Madame Cusin alluded to above. 
I had to leave the Show early, but I find that, as far as attendance is 
concerned, it is the most successful that the Society has ever held, nearly 
6000 persons having been present, and this without any other attraction 
than a fine day, and the splendid band of the 1st Life Guards, which “ dis¬ 
coursed most excellent music.” Need I add that all the arrangements, 
under the practised hands of Mr. Whitwell and Mr. Boyes, were perfect in 
every respect, and the utmost satisfaction was expressed by all who had the 
pleasure of being there.—D., Leal. 
THE INFLUENCE OF FORESTS ON CLIMATE. 
The third number of Petermann's Mittheilungen for this year contains 
an article by Herr A. Woeikof on the influence of forests on climate. 
The commencement of a scientific investigation of this subject was made 
when the Bavarian forest meteorological stations were established, and 
when Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine, France, Switzerland, and Italy followed 
the example. As a general rule it may be laid down that in the warm 
seasons, as between forests and places close at hand which are treeless— 
1, The temperatures of the earth and air are lower in the former ; 2, Their 
variations are less ; 3, The relative humidity is greater. After examining 
observations as to evaporations, Herr Woeikof states that the influence 
of forests in diminishing evaporation from water and the soil is so great 
that it cannot be accounted for alone by the lower temperature of the hot 
months, the greater humidity, or even by the shade. An important 
influence, which has hitherto been but little appreciated, is the protection 
from the wind afforded by the trees, and this the writer regards as more 
important than all the others together in reducing the degree of evapora¬ 
tion. With regard to the influence of forests on rain and snowfall, there 
is yet only a single series of observations supplying comparative statistics, 
and extending over a sufficiently long period. These were taken in the 
neighbourhood of Nancy, and they show an important influence of forests 
in increasing the rainfall. 
It might appear that the effect of forests on rain in the climate of 
Central Europe in winter would be small, for the difference between the 
temperature and humidity of the forest and the open is very little, and 
the quantity of the moisture in the atmosphere is small. But the observa¬ 
tions show that it is at this time of the year that forests get much more 
rain. This the writer attributes to the clouds being lower, the resistance 
which the forest offers to the movement of the air, and to the moist west 
wind. Forests retain rain by the undergrowths of grass, moss, &c., much 
better than open ground, and let water off superficially only after a heavy 
rainfall; the remainder filters upwards slowly, and mueh of it is used for 
the evaporation of the trees. Although forests, especially thick luxuriant 
forests, cannot exist without certain supplies of moisture, yet it is the 
same to them when the supplies come, for they retain what they get and 
useit over a long period. One example of this is the Lenkoran forest on 
the west coast of the Caspian, where the vegetation is more luxuriant than 
in any other part of Europe, yet very little rain falls in summer, but the 
rainfall in autumn and winter is great. The water is stored up by the 
forest, and is used in evaporation during the heat of summer. Humidity 
of the atmosphere, however, is not inconsistent with a high temperature, 
as the Red Sea shows ; but in forests the humidity is due to the evaporation 
