104 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ August 6, 1885. 
By sowing now the labour necessary is done during autumn 
instead of the spring, and by placing the plants sufficiently 
far apart at first they haye room to develops without crowd¬ 
ing until a favourable opportunity presents itself for trans¬ 
planting them to quarters in which they are to flower. They 
can be pricked closer together if room is an object, and every 
other plant removed in spring. The plants we raised were so 
treated, a portion early in the season being transplanted 
amongst shrubs, and they are now from 6 to 9 inches over, 
some more, while the bed they occupied is fully furnished for 
removal in early autumn into mixed beds and borders. 
The varieties of Dianthus chinensis should also be sown 
now. The various forms of the Heddewigi section are re¬ 
markable for the diversity and brilliancy of their colours, and 
are most useful for cutting as well as decoration in beds 
and borders. These if sown in spring will flower the same 
season, but are later than the plants raised from seed sown 
at the present time. These should be treated the same as 
Sweet Williams, only they do not require so much room when 
they are pricked out from the seed bed. Though not quite 
hardy they will stand ordinary winters safely, and being so 
beautiful they are well worth trying. Cuttings should now 
be taken from these, and any other forms of Dianthus that it 
is necessary to preserve by this means. They root quickly 
if dibbled into sandy soil in a shady place, covered with 
a handlight, and kept close until they are rooted. These can 
be planted out afterwards, and treated the same as seedlings. 
They must be protected in some way from the ravages of 
slugs'. Some of the choice forms of Dianthus are wintered in 
small pots in a cold frame, and planted out in spring. 
Gaillardias are very showy border plants, but when sown 
in spring even in heat they are late before they commence 
flowering. Cuttings of the brilliant G. grandiflora should be 
rooted at once the same as recommended for Dianthus, pot¬ 
ting them afterwards and wintering them in a cold frame. 
Seed may also be sown now, and when the plants are large 
enough potted singly and treated the same as those raised by 
cuttings. Planted outside early in spring Gaillardias com¬ 
mence flowering early in the season, and if in good soil they 
continue until cut off by frost. G. picta Lorenziana sown in 
the spring does not flower before August, but sown in 
autumn, wintered in small pots, and shifted in spring, they 
rapidly attain a flowering size. It is a quick grower, and 
produces its flowers, which are admirably adapted for cutting, 
most freely in succession until cut off by severe frost. This 
variety is more difficult to winter than grandiflora, as it 
appears liable to damp off. Attention is needed to prevent 
this, but it can be accomplished by keeping the plants mode¬ 
rately dry and ventilating the frame judiciously. It is, how¬ 
ever, worth a place on the greenhouse shelf, or the shelf of 
any cool house where plenty of air can be given. 
(Enothera Lamarckiana should also be sown at the 
present time, for, although of no service for cutting, good 
groups in the garden are highly effective. In moderately 
good soil the plants attain a height of 6 or 7 feet, and 
branch abundantly. A dozen or more plants in a group 
planted about 18 inches or 2 feet apart at the front of tall 
shrubs are very effective from the end of July until the close 
of the season. When sown in spring some of the plants 
will flower, but not all; but even those that do flower will 
not be nearly so fine as those raised from seed sown now. 
The seed being fine it should be sown on the surface without 
being covered, merely being kept moist until germination 
takes place. It should be sown thinly, so that the plants can 
remain on the seed-bed until spring before they are planted 
in their flowering quarters. 
Foxgloves are amongst the most beautiful of biennials 
that can be grown for the same purpose, and to have 
strong plants capable of throwing spikes 7 or 8 feet high seed 
should be sown at once. Flowering plants for the following 
year will be produced from seed sown in spring, but they do 
not attain such a large size as if sown the previous season. 
Good strains with beautifully spotted flowers can now be 
obtained, and groups of them are most telling in garden 
decoration. This year we have the vacant ground in a large 
clump of young Hollies planted with them, and the majority 
are 7 feet high, many of them more, and they have been 
greatly admired by all who have seen them.—W. Bardney. 
THE HISTORY OF THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 
( Continued from page 62.) 
Thus far we have hurriedly glanced at the early history of the 
Chrysanthemum in England and France, and now a new era was 
destined to be opened. 
Leaving for a while the French, in order to keep as far as we are 
able the dates running consecutively, we will see what was being 
done in another part of the world. 
The year 1836 was a momentous one for the Chrysanthemum, for 
in addition to Captaiu Bernet’s new proceeding and the commence¬ 
ment of Mons. Lebois’ labours an amateur in Jersey turned his atten¬ 
tion to the raising of seedlings, and it was from this time that a 
marked improvement in the varieties took place. This amateur was 
so extraordinarily fortunate in his culture that he raised upwards of 
five hundred seedlings, which he sold to Mr. Chandler of the Vaux- 
hall Nursery, a good number of which were tolerably well known 
twenty years ago. 
According to a correspondent of Mr. Burbidge the raiser of the 
first seedling Chrysanthemums in the Channel Islands was a baker, 
who had trained his plants to a wall behind his oven. This may 
perhaps be the same person alluded to above, although no names.are 
mentioned in either case. Other growers were not long in following, 
some of whom, such as Clark, Davis, Pethers, Smith, and Wolsey, 
raised a large proportion of our still well-known incurved, reflexed, and 
large Anemone varieties, while in later years Mr. Downton and Major 
Carey have also contributed some very favourite sorts. 
It may be observed that in Mr. Salter’s catalogue out of those 
varieties to which he has appended the raiser’s name more than half 
appear to be of Jersey or Guernsey origin, and it is difficult to recon¬ 
cile that fact with a statement made by one of Mr. Salter’s con¬ 
temporaries that he was chiefly dependent on Italian seed for the 
many new varieties it was his good fortune to send into the market. 
Be that as it may, and having due regard to the statements of Captain 
Bernet, Mons. Lebois, and Mr. Burbidge’s correspondent, who gives 
some interesting facts connected with the early raisers in the Channel 
Islands, there seems to be ample evidence in favour of a distinct 
assertion to the contrary, and that the greater part of the varieties 
distributed by Mr. Salter which were not of his own raising were 
really the products of the French and Channel Island growers. 
There is no doubt that Mr. Salter knew far more of the doings of 
the foreign growers than anyone else in his day, and though he 
acknowledges having dealings with the French and other growers, 
and says he was personally acquainted with many of them named 
already in this work, not a word is mentioned by him on the subject 
of Italian seed or Italian growers, and certainly at this date no one 
can point to a single variety of the Chrysanthemum of Italian origin 
grown in this country. His work “ The Chrysanthemum ; its History 
and Culture,” published just twenty years ago, is, notwithstanding its 
age, a book that should be on the shelves of every lover of this plant. 
No treatise on our delightful autumn favourite would be complete 
without some reference to it, and the author must also acknowledge 
his indebtedness to that authority for much that has hitherto been 
placed before the reader. In this work we learn that, finding the 
climate of France more suitable for the purpose of raising seedling 
Chrysanthemums, Mr. Salter went to Versailles in 1838 for the pur¬ 
pose of establishing a nursery to enable him to accomplish his desire. 
He imported from England most of the Jersey and Norfolk seedlings, 
to which collection he added 250 of the best French sorts, so that 
in 1840 the number of varieties he had in cultivation amounted to 
between 300 and 400. On looking over the list for that year he says 
it did not appear that there were more than thirty varieties with 
incurved petals or florets, and that nearly all of these were obtained 
since 1830. 
As he gives a plate copied from the “ Botanical Magazine ” of 
the first variety which bloomed in this country (the old Purple), it 
seems that up to that time the varieties were all of the same sty’e of 
loose, open, ragged-petalled flowers as Messrs. Colvill’s variety ; and, 
while referring to Mr. Haworth’s classification, which was drawn up 
in 1834, comprising the fifty-three varieties then known and divided 
into the following six sections—viz., the Ranunculus form reflexed 
petals, the Ranunculus form fringed petals, the Anemone form with 
yellow disc, the Marigold form and size, the tasselled form with 
narrow petals and pendant blooms, the quilled form—he says that 
the variety then most highly esteemed with incurved petals was 
probably unknown, and that to that classification might also be added 
