August 6,1885. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
105 
four other sections—viz., the incurved form with broad petals, the 
Pompon-Ranunculus form, the Pompon-Anemone form, and the 
Matricaroides or Feverfew form and size. 
Since then, however, owing to the advent of the Japanese and 
Japanese Anemones it is felt that some further system of classifica¬ 
tion should be adopted, and several suggestions have been made to 
effectuate it. 
Five years after he was established in France Mr. Salter raised 
his first seedlings in the nursery at Versailles, a place called by 
Voltaire “ l’abime des depenses,” with which one can scarcely imagine 
Mr. Salter agreed as far as he was concerned. In 1844 he sent out 
Annie Salter (still cultivated by growers of the reflexed section), 
Madame Poggi, and Queen of the Yellows. In 1846 Cyclops, Fleur 
de Marie, the Anemone variety, and Nancy de Sermet. In 1847 
Queen of England followed, so that this leading incurved exhibition 
favourite will shortly be forty years old. 
About this time another new chapter in the history of the 
Chrysanthemum opened. In the early part of this work an account 
has already been given of the introduction of the C. indicum, the 
type of what is now called the Pompon, and that it was growing in 
this country as long ago as 1764, only to have vanished entirely. 
There were sixty years afterwards other new comers of the same 
species, notably the double yellow and double white Indian Chrysan¬ 
themums, both introduced by Mr. Parks, which soon shared a similar 
fate, the most important reason for this being in all probability the 
insignificant size of their blossoms compared with the Chinese 
varieties accompanying them. It is excusable perhaps to lay some 
little stress on this, as many growers seem to be of the opinion that 
the large-flowering varieties were first known in this country in 1764, 
whereas if was the small-flowering species that first appeared among 
us, then it was lost and followed by the Chinese Chrysanthemum a 
quarter of a century later on. 
Upon the conclusion of the war with China in 1842 peace was 
signed at Nankin, and it was stipulated in the treaty that Canton, 
Amoy, Foochoo-foa, Ningpo, and Shanghae were to be thrown open 
to the British, that Hong-Kong was to be permanently retained by 
us, whilst the Island of Chusan wa3 to be held as a guarantee that 
the provisions of the treaty were observed by the Chinese. The 
Horticultural Society of London taking advantage of this, and 
believing that there was a wide field of botanical research open to 
them in those districts, despatched Mr. Robert Fortune, then the 
Superintendent of the hothouse department in the Society’s Garden, 
to China in the spring of 1843 for the purpose of collecting rare or 
unknown plants. On his return in 1846, after an absence of three 
years and a quarter, and having visited all the places above mentioned, 
he brought home with other horticultural curiosities two small-flower¬ 
ing varieties known as the Chusan Daisy and Chinese Minimum. 
These were according to Mr. Salter similar in size to those called 
Liliputians, and were probably varieties from the true C. indicum 
of Linnaeus, and it is a rather strange coincidence that the first 
variety, or Miller’s Matricaria indica, should have come from Ningpo, 
which, although on the mainland, is but forty miles from Chusan. 
These two small-flowering varieties, he says, were at once introduced 
into the Versailles Nursery soon to become favourites with the French. 
Chinese Minimum was a dark double flower, and produced but little 
seed, while the other with its Daisy-like semi-double flowers seeded 
freely the first year, the seedlings being more double than the original, 
and from their compactness and resemblance to a rosette received 
the name of Pompon. 
Mr. Fortune and Mr. Salter both say, and presumably with the 
greatest exactitude, that from these two varieties all the Pompons now 
in cultivation have sprung. But there seems to be some doubt, or 
more accurately speaking a distinctly opposite assertion made by one 
of the principal Pompon growers in France, upon which the author 
can make no comment, beyond a reproduction of the statement that 
it is contradictory to what in England has always been generally 
accepted as the fact. 
Before doing so it may be pointed out that Mr. Burbidge tells us 
that the Chusan Daisy was propagated by the Horticultural Society, 
and distributed among its members, and from some of these members 
it was sent to the enthusiastic Chrysanthemum grower Mons. Lebois, 
and that he having seeded it raised a great many good varieties, which 
got into Mr. Salter’s hands. Now, Mons. Lebois, in his admirable 
little work published many years ago, gives an account entirely diffe¬ 
rent, and it will be best to allow him to tell it in his own language. 
He says :—“ One more word on my seedlings of 1847. I cannot 
omit an incident that opened a new era in the history of my favourite 
plant. Having sown as usual only seeds of large-flowering Chrysan¬ 
themums, one of my seedling plants produced a Pompon flower, a 
hybrid of the most graceful effect, which I called Circe. The same 
year Messrs. Bonamy Brothers sent to Mons. Pepin of the Jardin des 
Plantes a few specimens analogous to my Circe, but their flowers, 
rather smaller, were not quite double. I therefore from 1847 was 
allowed to hope to be the means of introducing to the horticultural 
world a race of entirely new Chrysanthemums greatly desired ty 
lovers of that flower.” 
There is a Pompon of the name of Circe in Mr. Burbidge’s list, 
but no description or raiser’s name follows it, and if Mons. Lebois’ 
statement is unimpeachable it will naturally raise a point as to 
whether all the Pompons, and especially those of French origin, ,are 
descended from the two varieties Mr. Fortune introduced, a question 
that must be elucidated and decided by an abler and better authority 
than the writer of this work. 
It is a pity Mons. Lebois’ work bears no date, but it seems likely 
that it was published somewhere about the year 1853. He makes no 
reference to Mr. Fortune, nor to his having received plants of the 
Pompon from members of the Horticultural Society, and his state¬ 
ment is given simply for what the reader may think it is worth. 
Many of us have been of the opinion that the summer and early- 
blooming varieties are new to the Chrysanthemum grower, but such 
is by no means the case. Up to the year 1850 many lovers of this 
flower had expressed their regret at the inability of the raisers, who 
had almost conquered every difficulty connected with the Chrysanthe¬ 
mum, to obtain varieties which should bloom in the summer and early 
autumn months, and at the same period great hopes were indulged in 
that the Chinese and Pompon varieties should be the means of main¬ 
taining a brilliant and effective display of colour in the gardens. 
Mr. Salter and Dr. Denny both ardently longed for a consummation 
of this idea, and the beds at the nursery in William Street, Hammer¬ 
smith, where the former having returned from France a year or two 
before had established himself, and where he carried on his business, 
were always planted with numerous Chrysanthemums, but his efforts, 
owing to our unpropitious climate, were of little avail. 
This desire had been for years past agitating the minds of the 
French, and Mons. Pelee raised a few early-blooming kinds, some of 
which were mentioned in the “ Gardeners’ Magazine of Botany,” and 
others are still known to us, such as Cromatella and Delphine Caboche. 
In addition to Mons. Pelee there were others who strove to produce 
varieties of this description, among them being Mons. Lebois, who 
had vainly sowed and sowed without obtaining anything to reward 
him that flowered before the 15th October. In his efforts to succeed 
he exposed plants in the broad open sunshine, trained them to an 
espalier facing the south, cultivated them under glass, and even in a 
stove-house, but still he could only bow before the inflexible will of 
the plant, which always failed to bloom earlier than the date just 
given. 
At length by the kindness of Mons. P. Coindre, Director of the 
Jardin des Plantes at Avignon, a town in which the endeavours of 
the early Chrysanthemum growers were eminently successful, he 
received from that gentleman two seedlings which were in full bloom 
as early as the month of August. From these two plants he obtained 
about two hundred seeds, which being sowed in the month of Feb¬ 
ruary, 1853, gave rise to nine very double distinct coloured new sorts ; 
and so much was he interested in his success in raising new varieties 
of the summer-blooming kinds that for a time he quite neglected his 
old collection. After his decease Madame Lebois, his widow, con¬ 
tinued to raise and send out varieties of this sort, a few of which 
are still in cultivation. 
More recently Mons. Boucharlat, Mons. Pertuzes, and Mons, 
Lacroix have raised varieties of this rapidly increasing section that 
gives every promise of becoming as much appreciated as the later- 
blooming class. Mons. Delaux has also contributed many varieties. 
This year, in announcing a set_of five Japanese summer-blooming 
Chrysanthemums—viz , Fleur d’Ete, Ete Fleuri, Mandarin, Roi des 
Preeoces, and Bouquet Estival, the result of fifteen years’ labour, 
he tells us they will create a sensation in the horticultural world, and 
no doubt looks upon them as one of his greatest triumphs.— 
C. Harman Payne. 
(To be continued.) 
NOTES ON EOSES. 
Judging from all I have seen and heard 1885 will be con¬ 
sidered a first-rate Rose year. The best blooms in certain 
districts were some weeks later in coming to perfection than 
has been the case in some seasons, but the quality generally has 
been over the average. Plants have been remarkably free from 
blight, and although the early summer winds rather injured the 
tops of the first buds, no ti’ace of this could be seen at the time 
the plants were in full bloom. Rose shows have been interesting 
and good. The first of the year I saw was at Cardiff on July 1st. 
This was an excellent show, and many of the blooms were not 
surpassed on any subsequent occasion. Not many gardeners will 
be able to speak of what they saw at the Crystal Palace Show on 
July 4th. A capital report of it might have been read by buying 
the Journal for 3d., but the Show itself could not be seen under 
