no 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ August 6, 1885. 
ment. There was a school iu England for the inferior grades, hrom 
1867 to 1885 the competitors for forest service in India were 511, fell 
Englishmen, Scotch, or Irish. The inferior grades were filled hy natives. 
The principal causes of the destruction of forests were trespass, claims for 
free wood, and forest fires. Protection was made against the latter by 
forest roads and fire breaks, one of which, in an Indian forest in Scinde, 
was 174 miles long hy 100 yards wide, and by rewards for extinguishing 
fires. Forests were destroyed by grazing, but it was admitted that in a 
forestal growth for 150 years pasturage might be allowed for seventy 
years after the timber had obtained sufficient growth. During the 
Fianco-Gferman war the forestal service of France furnished 5000 volun¬ 
teers, and he had no doubt there were as many persons employed in 
forestal service in Ind a as in France. The actual value of the Indian 
forests had not been ascertained. The denudation of forests in India 
undoubtedly interfered with the water supply, and to that extent was a 
potent cause of famine. In answer to Mr. W. H. Gladstone, witness 
said forestal planting had been very successful in India, especially in 
mixed forests. Colonel Michael, C.S.I., who as-isted in the early estab¬ 
lishment of the forestal departments of India, gave evidence on the great 
value of Indian timber, and especially teak, some of which was worth 
6s. per cubic foot. It was used for hacking the armour of ironclad ships 
and targets. He considered a forest school in England would be of 
immense value, particu’arly to proprietors of woods, who would then have 
better trained men than they could get now. 
PROPOSED MEMORIAL TO THE LATE MR. CHARLES 
TURNER. 
I met at the Carnation Show Mr. Glasscock of Bishop’s Stortford, 
who told me it was intended to raise funds for the purpose of providing 
certain prizes at the Grand National Dahlia Show as a memento of the 
late Mr. Charles Turner. I was too busy to take any notice of it at the 
time. I now read a paragraph in most of the gardening papers that 
subscriptions may he sent in to the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. T. Moore. May 
I be allowed to say — first, that sufficient prizes are already offered to 
make a first-rate Dahlia show in the schedule already published, and if 
larger prizes were offered the best blooms would be merely shifted from 
one class to the other, an arrangement which would make scarcely any 
difference to the general effect. I wish to say in the second place, that 
raising a few pounds to provide prizes at one exhibition far Dahlias is an 
arrangement totally inadequate to provide a memorial for Charles Turner. 
Now that the idea of a memorial has been started, it must not be a local 
affair, as this promises to be, but a national one. In order to carry this 
out I propose that a preliminary meeting be held at South Kensington on 
the 11th of August, immediately after the various Committees have com¬ 
pleted their labours, which will be at 12.30 p.m. The name of Turner is 
honoured and respected all over the country, and an appeal for funds, 
backed up by the leading horticulturists of the metropolis, would meet 
with universal approval and support.— Jas. Douglas, The Gardens, 
Great Gearies, Ilford. 
[We fully agree with our correspondent that a prize, or prizes, offered 
for any particular florists’ flower, is inadequate as a memento of a florist 
who worked so long and successfully over a very wide field, and no doubt 
the promoters of the prizes referred to by Mr. Douglas will readily join in 
the consideration of the larger scheme suggested.] 
THE INSECT ENEMIES OF OUR GARDEN CROPS. 
THE PEACH. 
In most collections of our British moths we shall see the 
insect called the Peach-blossom moth (Thyatira batis), a species 
by no means rare, if somewhat local. 11 might be hastily con¬ 
cluded by those unfamiliar with this species, that the caterpillar 
committed damage upon the blossoms of the Peaoh, but it is 
innocent of feeding upon anything save the leaves of the 
Bramble about August or September. If we look at the moth 
the name explains itself, for on the rich brown wings are ar¬ 
ranged four spots of pink and white, resembling the fallen petals 
of some fruit tree, though not specially suggesting to us the 
Peach perhaps. 
Then there is another moth, set down in many books on 
gardening as a Peach foe, but which has really given no trouble 
to the grower in Britain, for the caterpillar is, with us, content 
to feed on Whitethorn or Blackthorn. So conspicuous were the 
ravages of this species in some parts of the Continent, however, 
that the excellent Linnaeus called it the “ pest of Pomona,” and 
since his time the caterpillars have been detected in the act of 
feeding, not only upon the leaves of the Peach and Apricot, but 
also upon their flowers, and though not belonging to the bulkiest 
of the caterpillar tribe, their appetites are very voracious. This 
species has received the English name of the “figure of eight,” 
though it might as well be eighty-eight, for the forewings, which 
are of a dull brown, with a pearly gloss, have each two white 
spots, which might be thought to resemble this numeral, or 
kidneys. The eggs, which are deposited in September, hatch 
early, and the caterpillars are adult about June. As they might 
occur on English Peaches, it should be stated that they are of 
a peculiar greenish-white colour —that is, unlike the tint of cater¬ 
pillars we mostly meet with, yellow striped, and dotted with hairy 
warts; the small head is almost blue, having two black spots. 
They cling rather tightly to the twigs, so cannot well be removed 
by shaking their food plants. At the age of maturity they are about 
1^ inch long, and spin a cocoon, from which the moth soon after 
emerges. And in point of fact, although there are several cater¬ 
pillars that dofeed in Britain upon the buds or leaves of the Peach, 
and inflict available amount of injury, the greater mischief that 
is done to this fruit tree arises from insects of diminutive size, 
but whose numbers make up for their apparent feebleness. 
Upon the Peach occur several species of aphis, and the one 
supposed to be the particular pest of the Peach, and also of the 
Nectarine, has been named A. Persicse. It is certainly the most 
conspicuous of all, and frequently causes the leaves to curl and 
droop. Sometimes, however, the effects of the fungus that has 
been styled by Bradley Exoaseus deformis, has been confounded 
with the work of this aphis, since its mycelium makes the foliage 
to swell or become mouldy. Aphis Persicse is usually about the 
first of the aphis tribe to appear. The eggs, which are scattered 
singly, cannot be detected without great difficulty, but as they 
are deposited by the autumn brood of winged fly, effective 
measures for the clearance of these, when noticed on the twigs 
as the leaves are falling, will lessen the succeeding brood.of 
aphides, and by well cleansing the trees before the spring with 
one or other of the washes recommended for the general de¬ 
struction of lurkers most aphis eggs can be disposed of. This 
Fig. 19.—Tortriz ’VTceberiana. 
species is dull yellow or red, paler while young, with green 
antennae; in the winged form brown or even black, but variable, 
wings large. It may appear as a winged insect early in May, 
about which time it deposits freely a sweet secretion that clogs 
up the pores of the leaves. The ground body of one of these, 
examined by a magnifier, looks as if full of globules of oil. 
Fortunately it is devoured by several species of insects, and is 
much visited by a small parasitic fly, a black-bodied Cynips, 
Of this and other Peach aphides there may be nearly twenty 
generations during one season. 
Both Peach and Apricot afford a food and home to A. Pruni 
in all its stages, but it occurs even more plentifully upon other 
fruit trees than upon these. Rapid in multiplication like the 
preceding, it also resembles A. Persicse in its habit of throwing 
off a clogging liquid, the influence of which, joined with that of 
the irritation of constant punctures, curls up the leaves, thereby 
giving an agreeable shelter to the aphis hosts. The young 
A. Pruni are greenish yellow, and very transparent as they 
increase in size. The eggs can be discerned within the body 
looking like tiny dots. When winged, this species has the body 
powdered with a cottony exudation, the females being light- 
brown or greenish, the males darker; both sexes show short 
suckers and antennae. These insects may be seen on the trees 
after all the leaves have fallen. Then A. Rumicis, a species of 
general distribution, is seldom minus its representatives on the 
Peach, though it may not succeed in stripping that tree of its 
leaves, as it will sometimes strip the Pear, because the former is 
less likely to be neglected. In shape this aphis is almost globular, 
the thorax and abdomen having no distinction of parts. In the 
juvenile stage of a lighter grey it becomes nearly black when 
adult. For all these species, should they appear in houses, there 
does not seem to be a better remedy than tobacco fumigation, 
the paper being damped so as to produce a thick smoke. Out of 
doors our plan must be syringing or washing, but whatever be 
the nature of the compound selected, unless the aphides are very 
small, it will kill only a few if it contains nothing of a soapy 
character to make it adhere to the skins of the insects. 
Several species of scale or coccus, a well-known example of 
which i3 popularly known as the brown scale, are apt to swarm 
upon Peaches which have not been attended to during the winter 
