February 4, 1886.] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
93 
light home-made one of the cheapest character consistent with strength 
The plants were all growing in the natural soil—apparently a pcor sand. 
There had been no disbudding of the plants, but the removal of each 
central bloom as it was ready relieved the plant so far as to allow the side 
buds the full benefit of the foraging capacities of the roots. Many of 
these side blooms were in the third week of January 5 and 6 inches 
across, with the florets broad and leathery in texture. The blooms have 
brought wholesale to customers from the beginning of the season right on 
till now a uniform price of 3s. per dozen ; to non-customers for odd orders 
a higher price has been charged. The chief sorts grown are Lady 
Selborne, Elaine, Lady Margaret, and in future years the Rundle varieties 
and Belle Blonde (?), a late incurved sort, is to be grown in numbers. 
The system of producing the plants is most simple. A portion of one 
of the low heated frames wasset apart in which a bed of soil is placed, 
and there we found cuttings dibbled in like Calceolarias, and there they 
remain until they are of good size, when they are lifted and potted. At 
the time for housing they are turned out of the pots and planted in the 
border of the house, where they open their flowers. To fill the place of 
the Chrysanthemums during the summer months thousands of seedling 
Tomatoes are coming on in a stove pit. These are to be grown as single- 
stemmed upright cordons, a system which we found several years ago 
to be a very good one.—B. 
KEEPING APPLES. 
I CAN fully corroborate all that “ B.” and “ Thinker ” have said about 
keeping Apples in heaps as well as in single layers. For want of room I 
have been obliged to adopt that mode of storing them, and have found 
them keep well with very little attention ; of course they were all care¬ 
fully hand-picked. 
I should like to say a word in praise of the Journal. It used to be a 
favourite of mine, but having for some years another paper found me, I 
had not seen it; now, having to find my own again, I have returned to 
the old love with pleasure and profit. I wish you much prosperity.— 
Bushey House. 
EMIGRATION TO QUEENSLAND. 
In answer to “A. B. C.” I offer extracts from letters I received from 
a brother who emigrated last spring. He paid his own passage—but he 
should have accepted the assisted passage, it would have left him £10 
more at the other end, and he had the same treatment as the assisted 
passengers. He was a journeyman gardener receiving 18s. per week, 
without lodgings. He is nineteen years of age, of spare wiry frame and 
dark complexion, a teetotaller and non-smoker—the very lad for a nearly 
tropical climate. I had one letter soon after landing, in which he says, 
“ I have got work with a small farmer, wages 15s. per week and ‘ tucker,’ 
—that is, 10 lbs. meat, 8 lbs. of flour, 1 lb. of sugar, ^ lb. of tea. My bed¬ 
room is an old shed, and my bed a few old sacks.” And that is what one 
would have to bear from year’s end to year’s end. The recipe for damper 
is, “ Mix up your flour and water, with a piece of baking powder, into a 
flat cake, put it in the ashes of your fire and cover it over ; when you 
think it it done fish it out, give it a crack to knock the dust off, and it’s 
ready to eat.” 
The second letter says, “I left my cockatoo farmer as soon as my 
time was up (it was a three-months engagement). Then I did a fort¬ 
night’s work for a man where one of my shipmates is working ; and now 
I have got work in the Botanic Gardens. I am to have £7 10s. a month 
to start, and £8 10s. if I suit. I lire on the place ; there are four em¬ 
ployed besides the Curator. We start at seven in the morning and leave 
off at five in the afternoon, with an hour for breakfast and an hour for 
dinner, and leave off at one on Saturday. Every third week I stay in the 
gardens on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. Peaches, Grapes, and 
Oranges are plentiful. Germans are here in force ; they use their Grapes 
for making wine. All the cockatoo farmers are Irish or German; there 
is not enough money to be made to suit an Englishman’s constitution. 
Anyone who is fond of life had better not come here ; it is very dull. A 
spree in Queensland is to go and sit in a “ pub ” and get drunk and remain 
so till all the money is spent, and then go and earn some more. I was 
lucky to get this job, as work is not over-plentiful just now, and one has 
to do what one can get, and not what one would like.” From which I 
gather that a lad of sound constitution, abstemious habits, and one who is 
prepared to do work he would despise in England, will eventually get 
such wages that more money can be saved than he would earn at home. 
But for a married man who is earning a living in England, Queensland is 
no place to go unless an appointment is secured before starting.—A. L. G. 
THE PRIMULA CONFERENCE. 
The revised programme of this event is now issued, and though it has 
been previously referred to, we again notice it, ns some alterations have 
been made. The exhibition will be held in the conservatory of the Royal 
Horticultural Society at South Kensington on April 20th and 21st in con¬ 
junction with the National Auricula Society’s Show. The meeting for the 
reading of papers and discussion will be on Wednesday, April 21st. 
Provisional Programme of the Exhibition. —Class 1, the 
Auricula ; class 2, the Primrose and Polyanthus (special schedules for 
garden varieties in these two classes will be furnished by the National 
Auricula Society) ; class 3, varieties of Primula Sieboldi ; class 4, varieties 
of Primula sinensis ; class 5, European species, varieties and hybrids of 
the genus Primula ; class 6, Himalayan and other Asiatic varieties and 
hybrids of the genus Primula ; class 7, Chinese and Japanese varieties 
aud hybrids of the genus Primula; class 8, American, varieties and 
hybrids of the genus Primula ; class 9, plants allied to the genus Primula, 
such as Cyclamen, Dodecatheon, Androsace, Cortusa, &c. (of these species 
only, not garden varieties, will be admitted) ; class 10, Primulaceous plants 
grown to illustrate special modes of culture, &c. ; class 11, specimens, 
models, and drawings illustrative of the structure and mode of growth of 
Primulaceous plants. 
Provisional Programme of the Conference.— 1, “ The Origin 
and History of the Florists’ Auricula.” Introductory paper by Mr. Shirley 
Hibberd. 2, “ In what Direction should Efforts be Made with the View 
of Improving the Florists’ Flowers belonging to the genus Primula ?” 
Introductory paper by Samuel Barlow, E9q., J.P. 3, “ The Nomenclature 
of Alpine Primulas.” Introductory paper by Mr. J. G. Baker. 4, 
“Culture of Hardy Primulas.” Introductory paper by Dr. Maxwell T. 
Masters on root structure, and mode of growth, as affording indications 
of the probable best culture. 
Appendix. —In order to assist in the arrangement of the European 
Primulas at the Exhibition, Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., has kindly drawn up 
for the Committee the following provisional list of European Primulas, 
classified in three groups, viz. :—1, Well-marked species distinguished 
from one another by broad clear characters ; 2, Sub-species or varieties 
distinguished from the types under which they are placed by slight charac¬ 
ters ; 3, Probable hybrid types which have received names as if they were 
species. 
The list may serve as a preliminary basis for the discussion at the 
Conference, Meanwhile the Committee suggest that exhibitors, in giving 
names to the plants which they exhibit, should follow, as far as they feel 
able to do so, the nomenclature and arrangement thus suggested by Mr. 
Baker. The names which are printed in italics are synonyms: — 
Section 1, Primulastra.—Young leaves revolute, not mealy beneath, 
calyx strongly ribbed. 1, vulgaris , Hvds.; grandiflora, Lam.; acaulis, 
Jacq. —Sibthorpii, Reich. ; amcena, Hort. 2, elatior, Jacq. —Pallasii, 
Lehm. —Perreiniana, Flugge. —carpathica, Fuss. 3, officinalis, Scop. ; 
veris, Linn. —macro.calyx, Bunge. —suaveolens, Bert. —Column®, Ten. 
Tommasim, G. G. 
Section 2, Aleuritia.—YouDg leaves re volute, mealy beneath. Flowers 
small, with a long corolla tube. 4, farinosa, Linn. —scotica. Hook .— 
Warei, Stein. —stricta, Hornem. —frondosa, Janha. 5, longifiora, All. 
G, sibrica, Jacq.—finmarchica, Jacq. ; norvegica, Rctz. 
Section 3, Auriculastra.—Young leaves involute. Calyx short. 
7, Auricula, Linn. —Balbisii, Lehm. —ciliata, Moretti. —dolomitica, Hort. 
—Obristii, Stein. —similis, Stein. 8, Palinuri, Petag. 9, carniolica, 
Jacq. ; integri'.folia, Scop. —multiceps, Frey. —Freyeri, Hoppe. 10, mar- 
ginata, Curt.; crenata, Lam. 11, viscosa, Vill. —pedemontana, Thom. — 
commutata, Schott. —latifolia, Lap. —graveolens, Heget. —ciliata, Schrank. 
—confinis, Schott. —villosa, Wulf. —hirsuta, All. —Bernina;, Kern. 
12, daonensis. Lcyb. —oenensis, Thom. —Stelviana, Vulp. —cadinensis, 
Hort. 
Section 4, Arthritica,—Young leaves involute. Calyx long. 13, caly- 
eina, Duby. ; glaucescens, Morett. 14, sp6Ctabilis, Tratt. Polliniana, 
Morett. —Kitaibeliana, Schott. 15, Wulfeniana, Schott —longibarda, Hort. 
16, Clusiana, Tausch. —Churchillii, Hort. 17, integrifol'a, Linn .— 
Candolleana, Reich. 18, Allioni, Lois. 19, tyrolensis, Schott. 20, 
minima, Linn. —serratifolia, Gusm. —Sauteri, Schott. 21, glutinosa, 
Wulf. 
Hybrids of section Primulastra. brevistyla, D.C. variabilis, Goup. 
1—3. digenea, Kerncr, 1—2. flagellicaulis, Kerncr, 1—3. media, 
Peterm. ; unicolor Lange, 2 —3. Tenoriana, Kern. 1—3. 
Hybrids of sections Auriculastra and Arthritica. biflora, Huter, 
20— 21. alpina, Schleich. —rhoetica, Koch , 7—11. Arctotis, Kerner, 
7 —11. Dinyana, Lagger, 17—11. discolor, Leyb. 7—12. Dumoulini, 
Stein, 20—14. Facchini, Schott, 20—14. Floerkeana, Schrad, 21—20. 
Forsteri, Stein, 20 —11. Gobellii, Kern. 7—11. Huteri, Kern. 20—21. 
intermedia, Portenschlag, 20—16. Kerneri, Gobel Stein, 7—11. 
Muretiana, Moritz, 17—11. obovata, Huter, 7—18. Peyritschii, Stein, 
7—11. Portae, Huter, 7—12. pubescens, Jacq. —rhoetica, Gaud .— 
helvetica, Don, 7 —11. pumila, Kern, 20—12. salisburgensis, Florke, 
21— 20. Steinii, Obrist, 20—11. Sturii, Schott, 20—11. venusta, Host, 
7 —9. Venzoi, Huter, 19— 15. Weldeniana, Reich. 7 —14. 
A COMPARISON OF MANURES FOR THE GARDEN AND 
ORCHARD. 
[A paper by Professor G. C. Caldwell, Ithaca, New York, read before the Massachusetts 
Hoiticultural Society.] 
How to manure the garden or the orchard for the most profitable results 
is one of the most difficult questions that the horticulturist has to meet. Of 
the biggest and most solid Cabbages, the earliest Peas, the largest Squashes, 
the sweetest and most prolific berries, the handsomest and most delicately 
flavoured Grapes, the most luscious Peaches or Pears, the earliest or the best 
late-keeping Apples, he has an unlimited variety offered him by all the 
seedsmen or nurserymen in the land ; and he need find no difficulty what¬ 
ever in laying out to good advantage all the money he has to spare for use 
in this direction. Of the most suitable land on which to plant all these 
crops there is enough and to spare somewhere in all this wide country. Of 
tools and labour-saving machines of every kind, and of men and animals to 
run or to use them, there is no scarcity. In respect to all these supplies 
there is only embarrassment of riches ; and no crop need fail of producing 
good fruit abundantly, from any want of liberal provision for its highest 
requirements on any of these lines. 
