September 5,1S89. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
207 
tated by the configuration of the ground. Chrysanthemums and Lilies 
are the most important. Amongst these last we remark chiefly those for 
which we are indebted to the Japanese. There are certain Lilies 
which European horticulturists cannot multiply, the bulbs diminishing 
in volume every year, and only producing plants less and less strong. 
Bulbs are therefore brought from Japan every year in large quantities. 
Lilium auratum, L. speciosum, and its varieties, L. Knetzeri rubrum and 
L. Krameri. It is the same with the L. Leichtlini, L. cordifolium 
elegans or Thunbergianum, L. odorum, commonly called L. japonicum 
Colchesteri, &c., which are imported on a much smaller scale. Pmonies 
and Caladium esculentum are also objects of well conducted culture. 
But the principal curiosities of the Exhibition of Mr. Ivasawara are 
the trees and shrubs in a dwarfed form cultivated in Japan vases for 
fifty and one hundred years. Trees which in our parks attain from 
10 to 20 metres (about 11 to 22 yards) in height are kept in bowls from 
50 to 60 centimetres (about 20 to 24 inches) in height with distorted 
branches, stunted by age. A just idea can then be formed of the 
difference between our taste and that of the Japanese, who have a 
marked predilection for everything which is little, and with whom 
diminution is synonymous with perfection. 
Amongst the most interesting of these plants are Rhynchospermum 
jasminoides, Juniperus chinensis, Pinus parviflora, Osteomeles an- 
thyllidifolia, Thuia obtusa, Ginkgo biloba, Podocarpus (Nageia) 
rotundifolia, P. macrophylla, Damnacantbus indicus, Nandina domes- 
tica, Quercus cuspidata, Dendropanax japonicus. Some Acers of the 
Japanese Maple series, A. palmatum, A. japonicum, A. trifidum, 
A. pictum, &c., are added to the list. All these plants are reared and 
cultivated with manures in Japan vases, which would be a delight to 
many small amateurs. We have still to mention a little conservatory 
in which are exhibited specimens of the small Dendrobium moniliforme. 
They altogether give the spectator a good idea of this miniature nature 
which the Japanese love and which forms the basis of their gardening 
art. The specimens, with few exceptions, were brought from Japan at 
great expense. This was quite useless, as M. Kasawara might have 
found in France cheap plants from his country to form the foundation 
of his garden plantation. He would then have had nothing more to do 
but exhibit his dwarfed trees to add the picturesque to the predominant 
vegetation. Many of his plants died on the passage from Yokohama to 
Marseilles, which has been a great loss to the importer, and we doubt 
much whether the sale of the survivors will be productive, the taste for 
these curiosities being little spread in France. However, it may be the 
attempt made by this horticulturist, who has come so far, is worthy of 
praise .—(Revue Ilorticole.) 
This is one of my chief favourite Roses, consequently I have a good 
number of plants, and have been enjoying a plentiful supply of flowers 
during the past two or three weeks. There has been considerable 
difference this season between the early and the late flowering of this 
Rose, which I do not remember to have remarked so particularly before. 
In June and July comparatively few blooms were produced, and these 
were very poor, wanting in substance, colour, and fragrance, so that we 
were forced to the conclusion that La France was degenerating, and 
that it would have to be superseded. Early in August, however, the 
second flowers were produced, and there was such an agreeable change 
in their character that our hopes were restored. They assumed their 
usual form, the fragrance was exquisite, and the colour very much darker 
than ordinary—considerably darker, and richer in fact than I remember 
observing them before, and much in the way of a new variety of this 
type that was brought into notice a year or two since. Some of the 
early and half-formed flowers were followed by seed pods, and on one 
plant I have now half a dozen large fruits ripening fast. Have any 
good varieties been raised as seedlings from La France ? 
RO?E3 FROM CUTTINGS. 
It is so easy to increase most H.P. Roses from cuttings in the open 
air that it is not surprising many have been induced to add to their 
stock in this way. Some time since I raised a number in this way with 
only a fair per-centage of losses, and the plants so obtained made rapid 
growth, and for three or four years prospered greatly. Now I can see 
too evident signs of deterioration that extra attention has failed to 
check, and it seems unless there is some surprising change that another 
season they will be little good. There are a few well marked exceptions 
to this, and one of these is the variety John Hopper, and so far 
from deteriorating this is becoming even more vigorous and floriferous 
than before. I have noticed the failing more especially amongst the 
dark Roses, all in my collection, except perhaps Charles Lefebvre, 
giving indications of weakness.— Surrey Amateur. 
GRAND MOGUL AND JEAN SOUPERT. 
A well-known Rose authority has submitted flowers, wood, and 
foliage of the above two varieties for comparison. In the case of 
Grand Mogul the flowers are of good shape and substance, and 
brighter in colour, with more scarlet in the edges and under side of- 
the petals, than Jean Soupert. The leaves are rougher, duller, more 
crumpled, and the spines much larger. There is a noticeable difference 
in the leaves, for those of Jean Soupert are flatter, smoother, and the- 
pinnae more acute, the spines being considerably smaller than those of 
Grand Mogul. Further, it is stated that Jean Soupert rarely produces- 
a good bloom. The varieties are admitted to be near each other in 
floral characters, but it is contended that Grand Mogul is a better 
Rose, and this is borne out by the specimens placed before us. 
REVIEW OF BOOK. 
The Uses of Plants: a Manual of Economic Botany. By G. S- 
Boulger, F.L.S., F.G.S. London : Roper & Drowley, 11, Ludgate- 
Hill. 1S89. 
Much has been contributed in recent years upon the subject of 
economic botany, and exhaustive works have appeared dealing with the. 
subject in various aspects. The museums at Kew containing such ex¬ 
tensive, well-arranged collections, and the guide books issued in con¬ 
nection with them have drawn public attention to the numerous pro¬ 
ducts of the vegetable kingdom, and conveyed a great amount of useful' 
information. The book under notice seems intended to give an epitome 
of the knowledge gained in the past fifty years, but we should have 
wished that it had been more fully treated, as a good portion of the 
work is little more than a catalogue. It opens with a review of 
economic botany more than fifty years ago, and this is followed by a 
chapter on the progress of economic botany during the past half century 
(1837 to 1887), both of which are introductory to the principal portion 
of the book. This is in ten parts, dealing with foods, materia medica, 
oils, gums, dyes, fibres, timbers, &c. 
We extract the following portion of the introduction to the chapter- 
on foods :— 
“ In no class of our wants is our dependence on the vegetable king¬ 
dom so strikingly seen as in our food. With the exceptions of water 
and salt, all our food is, either directly or indirectly, of vegetable, 
origin. 
“ There is hardly any class of plants, or any part of the plant, that 
has not contributed in some form to our food supply. Ferns, Mosses,, 
and Club Mosses afford little or no nutrient matters ; but, not to speak, 
of candied Violets and Rose petals, the fleshy corollas of the Mahwa 
(Bassia latifolia, Boxb.) form an important article of diet to men and 
animals in India, and have been imported into this country for the 
latter ; whilst in the genus Typha, of which the common Reed-maces 
are well-known British species, even the pollen has been employed, both 
in Scinde and in New Zealand, as a bread-stuff. The stigmas of the 
Saffron Crocus (Crocus sativus, Bert.), the cultivation of which in. 
England is extinct, and the unopened flower buds of the Clove (Caryo- 
phyllus aromaticus, L.) and the Caper (Capparis spinosa, L.), the fleshy 
peduncles of the Fig (Ficus Carica, L.), or the Cashew-nut (Anacar- 
dium occidentale, L.), and the succulent bases of the bracts in the. 
inflorescence of the Globe Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus, L.), are other 
instances of the employment of unusual structures as food. 
“ In this department of vegetable technology the most striking, 
feature in the progress during Her Majesty’s reign is, perhaps, the. 
results of the vastly increased facilities of transport, steam navigation 
having rendered distant lands tributary, even of their fresh produce, to. 
our population, which has so long outgrown its home supplies of the 
necessaries of life. In this way many perishable articles have now 
found their way even into the market of our streets ; whilst many im¬ 
proved processes have added largely to our supplies of preserved fruits- 
and vegetables. In 1882, for instance, we imported in all 64,240,749 cwts. 
of Wheat, of which 24,500,000 cwts. came from the United States,. 
11,000,000 from India, 3,000,000 from Canada, and more than that 
amount from Russia, besides 52,000,000 cwts. of other corn. Owing to. 
the continuous reduction of virgin land into cultivation in the far 
west of Canada and the United States, the exporting capacities of 
these countries are rapidly increasing, whilst increased railway com¬ 
munication so facilitates this export that it is stated that Wheat, 
which is said to cost 40s. a quarter to grow in England, may possibly be 
delivered in Liverpool in a very few years at 23s. We are at present 
importing Potatoes most largely from France ; but of raw fruits our. 
supplies are drawn from Malta, the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, the- 
United States, and even the West Indian islands. Thus in 1878 the- 
Azores alone shipped over 410,000 boxes of Oranges, each containing 
400, to England ; and in 1882 we imported in all over 4,250,000 bushels; 
of Oranges and Lemons. In 1886 we imported 3,261,460 bushels of raw 
Apples, of which 1,647,052 came from the United States, whilst of the 
raw fruit ‘ unenumerated ’ imported during the same year, 906,000’ 
bushels came from Spain. 
“ In 1837 Pine Apples were almost exclusively home-grown, and, 
necessarily, expensive ; but, writing in 1854, the late Professor Archer 
says :—‘ The importation of Pine Apples from the Bahamas has now 
become an extensive trade ; more than 200,000 were imported in 1851. 
. For export to Europe it is gathered before it is quite ripe,, 
and usually reaches England in pretty good condition. The English 
grown Pine Apple usually is from 10s. to 12s. per lb., while the im¬ 
ported ones rarely exceed half-a crown for the whole fruit.’ In 1867" 
this fruit was first exported from St. Michael’s, in the Azores, 427 fruit 
being despatched in that year. Much capital was then invested, and 
in 1875-76 over 34,500 were sent out. Since then the trade has so in- 
