September 21,1869 J 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
279 
planting your established Roses deeper depends on the depth at which 
they are planted now. If they grow and flower freely we should let 
them alone ; if not, you might try the plan you suggest, but on this point 
we cannot advise, since you have not stated the length of the stocks. 
leather Parings (O. R.). —They are very good for furnishing 
nitrogen to plants, but nothing more. Of this nitrogen clean samples 
contain as much as doe3 nitrate of soda ; but it does not follow that they 
are therefore of equal value, as in the one the nitrogen is at once available 
but in the other it is not. Still, good samples are worth £2 or £3 per 
ton to manufacturers of manure, and if you could find a market for 
them the money they might fetch would be better spent by you in the 
purchase either of manufactured or ordinary dung, for by themselves 
they are not true manure. But if a tenth were added to ordinary 
manure, and overheating provided against by keeping the heap fairly 
moist, the value of the manure would be doubled. Allowing them to 
heat by themselves is almost certain to cause loss of nitrogen, as the 
sense of smelling would inform anyone ; but in the bulky manure the 
ammonia would be absorbed and preserved. The fact that the farmers 
in your district will not have the material you mention for the carry¬ 
ing only proves the necessity there is for farmers becoming acquainted 
with agricultural chemistry. We could name a district where they will 
not look at sewage, but cheerfully pay for and convey long distances 
broken bottles, earthenware, tin cans, cinders, and a little town’s dust! 
Tanned refuse, such as bark, is of little use except for mixing with 
heavy soil to render it lighter. The process of tanning adds no manurial 
value to anything. Fine leather shavings unmixed with other matter 
are used for fruit trees in the London market gardens, also for Filberts 
and Hops. 
Dr. Hogg Crape (Cambrian). —We cannot account for your failure 
with this Grape, for it is a good grower and bearer, and usually sets 
freely ; but if you expect large berries, like Muscat of Alexandria, you 
are bound to be disappointed. It belongs to the Frontignan class. The 
following is Mr. Barron’s description and estimate of merit as they 
appear in “ Vines and Vine Culture —“ Growth free and vigorous, 
producing firm, moderate-sized wood, which always ripen well; very 
fruitful. Leaves medium sized. Bunches long, measuring from 12 
inches to 18 inches, and tapering to rather a narrow point; shoulders 
long and rather loose, drooping, always well set. Berries medium 
sized, round, on strong stalks. Skin membranous, very clear, almost 
transparent, and, when quite ripe, assuming an amber tint. Flesh firm, 
very sweet, and with a rich Muscat or Frontignan flavour. This is a 
seedling raised by the late Mr. Pearson of Chilwell, about 18G9, from 
Duchess of Buccleucb, and was exhibited before the Fruit Committee 
in 1871, and awarded a first-class certificate. It is now very general in 
cultivation, taking the place of Chasselas MusquA Succeeds well in an 
ordinary vinery, but requires a little more heat than the Black Ham¬ 
burgh to ripen thoroughly. It is, however, one of the hardiest of its 
class.” If your Vine is healthy you may inarch a Foster’s Seedling 
on it as you propose, if you prefer this variety, which is a good grower 
and free bearer. The other you mention is not nearly so certain to 
succeed with you as is Dr. Hogg. 
Orange Trees Unhealthy (I?. 0 .).—An application of lime water 
would not have the good effect you anticipate. Defective root-action is 
the chief cause of the unsatisfactory condition of the trees, and 
undoubtedly it would be better if you could prevent the temperature of 
the house falling so low in the winter. You can do little to them now, 
but may improve them in the spring, and in the meantime avoid over¬ 
watering. As soon as signs of fresh growth are apparent we should dig 
out the soil from the tubs quite to the bottom, and remove it as near to 
the stems as possible without materially disturbing, or at least not 
injuring, the roots. We have seen much more than half the soil thus 
removed, and by adding fresh, such as turfy loam and a liberal 
admixture of crushed charcoal, bones and wood ashes, the roots being 
carefully placed in this, and the whole made as firm as the soil not 
removed, water being judiciously applied, and old trees were made 
young again. It does not at all follow if the roots are few and the tubs 
large that they should be filled at once with soil ; but the soil may be 
supported with a wall of turves several inches from the sides of the 
tubs, precisely on the principle of making a Vine border in sections. 
By adopting this plan and keeping the plants as warm as possible in 
the spring, syringing freely in fine weather, and keeping the foliage 
scrupulously clean, the trees will improve. The surface soil immediately 
round the stem should also be removed, and all dead and dying branches 
cut out ; indeed, as soon as roots take possession of the fresh soil rather 
close pruning would result in stronger and healthier growths. 
Scabbed and Cracked Pears (J. R. G.). —There may be more 
than one cause of cracking in Pears, but your examples are in bad plight 
—indeed one of the worst cases we have seen. It is the work of a fungus 
called Cladosporium dentriticum, llali-s., which grows on the young twigs 
and leaves, also on parts of the flower, preventing some of the fruit 
setting, and those that do set are injured and crippled in growth, and 
are mostly of little value, through the cracking of the skin of the fruit 
as it ripens. The fungus gives rise to black spots on the leaves a 
quarter to half an inch wide. On the fruit it occasions similar spots, 
irregularly rounded, forming a depressed black spot. The mycelium of 
the fungus does not penetrate far into the fruit, but remains almost 
wholly in the cells of the epidermis. The spots not unfrequently run 
together, covering a large portion of the surface of the fruit. There is 
no known remedy; attention, therefore, must be directed to prevention, 
and we know of nothing so effectual as lifting and replanting the trees in 
good fresh loam—the top spit of a pasture. Certain varieties are pecu¬ 
liarly liable to injury by the fungus, and it usually attacks those for 
which the climate is unfavourable, as the sorts produce worthless fruit 
on pyramid, espalier, and other form of trees in the open, while against 
walls with south or west aspects trees produce clean and fine fruit. 
Diseased trees and all fruits that assume the diseased condition should 
be destroyed. Selection should be made of varieties that succeed in the 
locality. Those that are known to be peculiarly liable to injury from 
the fungus should not be planted, so as to prevent, as far as practicable, 
liability to infection. 
Names of Fruits. —The names and addresses of senders of fruit 
to be named must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether 
letters referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are 
not necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only 
six specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cannot 
be preserved. (0. J. N., Loughgall). —1, Golden Reinette ; 2, None¬ 
such ; 3, Scarlet Pearmain; 4, Blenheim Pippin ; 5, Lewis’ Incom¬ 
parable. (F. J.). —1, Beurrci Clairgeau ; 2, Vicar of Winkfield ; 3, Pit- 
maston Duchess. (A. D.). —The Apple appears to be Cox’s Pomona. 
(//. W.). —2, London Pippin. 3, Perhaps a small Russian Transparent. 
4, Dumelow’s Seedling. 5, Ribston Pippin. 6, Scarlet Nonpariel. The 
plant is Hieracium aurantiacum. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— September 25th, 
Trade and priocs remain the tame. 
FRUIT. 
s. d. s. d. 
Apples, £ sieve..2 0 to 4 0 
,, Nova Scotia and 
Panada, per barrel 0 0 0 0 
Oisrr es, £ sieve .... 0 0 0 0 
Gripes, per flb... .... 0 6 2 6 
Lemon .case.10 0 16 0 
0. d. s. a. 
Oranges, per 100 .. 4 0 to 9 0 
Peaches, dozen. 20 80 
Plums J-sieve. 30 46 
Red Cdiranis, per J-sieve 0 0 0 0 
B aotc „ ,.0 0 0 0 
St. Michael Pines, each 2 0 6 0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Artichokes, dozen •• 
a 
0 
to 8 
0 
Lettuce, dozen .. .. 
0 
9 to 1 
3 
Asparagus,handle .. •• 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet •• 
0 
6 
1 
O 
Beans. Kidney, per lb. .. 
0 
2 
0 
4 
bustard & Cress, punnet 
0 
a 
0 
0 
B a e% Bed, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Onion*, bushel 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Broccoli, bundle .« .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Paralev, dozen bunches 
s 
0 
s 
0 
Brussels Sprout', £ sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips, dozen .. 
1 
e 
0 
0 
Cabbage, dozen 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Capsicums, per 100 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ Kidney, per cwt. 
4 
0 
7 
0 
Carrots, bunch .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Rhubarb, bundle .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen 
a 
0 
4 
0 
Salsify, bundle .. 
i 
0 
1 
e 
Oelery, bundle .. .. 
A 
6 
2 
0 
Scorzonera, bundle .. 
i 
a 
0 
0 
Coleworts, doz. bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Shallots, per tb •• 
0 
s 
0 
0 
Cucumbers, each .. 
0 
3 
0 
6 
Spinach, bushel .. .. 
8 
0 
4 
0 
Endive, dozen. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Tomato;?, per tb. .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
$ 
Hero?, bunch. 
0 
9 
0 
0 
Turnips, bunch .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Lee :3. b n :h . 
0 
s 
0 
4 
CUT 
flowers; 
8. 
d. 
p. 
d. 
i 
s. 
d. 
g t 
d. 
Arum Li i6s,12 blooms .. 
8 
0 
to 6 
0 
Liiiam iongidoram, 12 
Aster*, per bunch, French 
0 
0 
0 
0 
blooms .. . 
a 
0 to 5 
0 
„ doz n, English 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Mai lenhair Fern, doz. 
Bou vardias, bunch .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
bunches. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Carnations, 1 1 blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Marguerites, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
6 
0 
,, 12biiiCho*.. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Mignonette. 12 bunches 
i 
0 
3 
0 
Chrysanthemum*, d«>zt n 
Myosoti* or F«»rgetmenots 
blooms. 
i 
0 
3 
0 
doz. bunches 
i 
6 
3 
0 
Ohry.-authemunn, dozen 
P*7i8 f e3.dozen bunches .. 
i 
0 
8 
0 
bunches . 
a 
0 
6 
0 
Pelargoniums. 12 trasses 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Clove • 'arimtdon .11 bnchs 
0 
0 
0 
0 
,, scarlet, 12 bunches 
8 
0 
6 
» 
Con.fl >w*r, doz. bunches 
l 
0 
3 
0 
P nks (various) 12 bnchs. 
0 
0 
0 
o 
Dih i.is, doz* li bunches .. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Poppies, viriou3,12 bnchs 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Eucharis, dozen 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Bones f indoor), dozen .. 
0 
a 
1 
a 
Oailiardia picfc?, 12 b johs 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Mixed, doz. bunches 
8 
0 
6 
» 
Gardenias, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ Be 1 , <1< zon bunches 
4 
0 
6 
» 
OLd oli, per bunch.. .. 
0 
6 
i 
6 
„ 12 blnorns 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Gaii -l is breachleyeusis, 
„ whit^, dozen.. 
1 
0 
3 
0 
dozen sp ay*. 
1 
0 
i 
6 
„ Yrilow . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
HeliaiithuL or du: flower. 
8 tinea, di z n b inches .. 
0 
0 
0 
» 
dozen buLchss 
8 
0 
4 
0 
8tephanofci“, doz. sprays 
S 
0 
5 
0 
„ la^-gp, <K zea looms 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Stocks, rt< zen bunches .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Lspugeria, 1-1 blooms .. 
1 
0 
9 
6 
Sw«et Peas. doz. bunches 
a 
0 
4 
0 
Lrender, d* zen hunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Sweet Sul an. „ 
3 
0 
4 
& 
Liiiam uaratam, 12 blms 
8 
0 
4 
0 
Tuberoses, 13 blooms .. 
0 
a 
i 
0 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
S. 
a. 
B. 
d. 
S. 
i. 
0. 
d. 
Aralia Sieboldi, dozen .. 
6 
0 to 1 2 
0 
Fuchsia, per dozen.. .. 
3 
0 to 9 
O 
Arum Lilies, per dozeo .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Geraniums, I vy, doz. 
0 
0 
0 
o 
Arbor vit!e(goldenl dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Hydrangea, per cozen .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Asters. 12 pots. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
L be i p, per dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Bogonias, various, per doz, 4 
0 
13 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen 
6 
0 
13 
a 
Balsams, per dozen., .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Miunomtte, per dozen .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Ctila.diums, per doz. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Musk, por do en .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
nalceolari* p-r dozen .. 
U 
0 
0 
0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Christmas Uose .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Na ; tnrtiums, per dozen.. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
6 
0 
IS 
0 
Palms, ia var., each 
a 
6 
21 
0 
Cockscombs, per dozen . . 
S 
0 
6 
0 
Pel-irgODium*, scarlet, 12 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Drachma tertninalis, doz. 
24 
0 
43 
0 
P. 1 rgoDiums, per dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Bra< asna viridis, doz. .. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
P.hodauthe, per dozen .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Erica Cavendishi, doz. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
8-xafraya pyramidalis, 
Euonymus, var.. dozen 
6 
0 
18 
0 
per dozen. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
8olanuois, per drzen 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen 
4 
0 
18 
0 
Spirfei, p*r dozen .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Ficus elastic*, each 
i 
6 
7 
0 
„ palmata, per doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Foliage pLrts, var., each 
a 
0 
10 
0 
