416 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ November 19, 18891 
Brunlees from Mr. E. Berry. Lord Wolseley and Hero of Stoke Newing¬ 
ton from Mr. Wildsmith. Barbara, from Mr. C. J. Salter. 
Japanese. —Edwin Molyneux, Madame C. Audiguier, Sunflower, 
Jeanne Diilaux, Mdlle. Lacroix, and Madame Laing, from Mr. E. 
Molyneux. L’Adorable, M. Astorg, M. Freeman, from Mr. C. J. Salter. 
Japonais, Criterion, Thunberg, and Bertha Flight-, from Mr. Wills. 
Japanese Anemone. —Fabian de Mediana from Mr. C. J. Salter, 
Souvenir de Madame Blandiniures and Jeanne Marty from Messrs. 
Paul & Son. 
Show Anemone. —J. Thorp, jun., from Mr. R. Parker; Fleur de 
Marie, Empress, and Nelson from Mr. E. Molyneux. 
Pompon. —Mdlle. Elise Dordan, Toussaint Maurissott and Mdlle. 
Marthe from Mr. C. J. Salter ; Prince of Orange, Cendrillon, Marabout, 
Nelly Eainford, Black Douglas, Eleonore and Eosinante from Mr. C. 
Gibson. 
Anemone Pompon. — Briolis, Eegulus and Antonius from Mr. E. 
Molyneux ; Astrea, Madame Grutien and Calliope from Mr. C. J. Salter ; 
Val d’Andorre and Eoi de Japonais from Mr. G. Barnett. 
Japanese reflexed. —Elaine from Mr. J. Doughty ; Maiden’s Blush 
from Mr. E. Berry. 
Japanese. —Ealph Brocklebank from Mr. W. Wildsmith ; Belle Paule 
and Boule d’Or from Mr. Jameson ; Avalanche from Mr. Fyfe. 
R‘flexed. —Phidias and Mr. Forsyth from Mr. E. Molyneux ; King 
of the Crimsons, William Earley and Mrs. Mayes from Mr. C. J. Salter ; 
Cloth of Gold and Chevalier Domage from Mr. W. Wildsmith. 
Anemone, large. —Miss Annie Lowe, Gluck, Lady Margaret, Grand 
d’Alveole and La Marguerite from Mr. C. J. Salter. 
APPLIANCES. 
Certificates of merit were granted to Mr. F. Jameson for spring cup 
laisers and naze holder ; to Mr. Harland for a cup raiser. 
CONFERENCE PAPERS. 
Undoubtedly the chief feature of the Chiswick Conference last 
week was the reading of papers. Mr. Haywood’s presidential address 
was in every respect admirable, but the author was unable to deliver it 
in consequence of a throat aifection, but it was effectively read by Mr. 
Wilks, who also made himself distinctly heard throughout the great 
vinery in reading Mr. Harman Payne’s able, yet necessarily condensed 
history of the flower. Mr. Molyneux gave his estimate of new varieties, 
and grouped them into first and second class sections. Mr. Wright and 
Mr. Shirley Hibberd followed, the first day’s proceedings terminating 
with a vote of thanks agreeably proposed by Dr. Masters to the chair¬ 
man and readers of the papers. On the second day Mr. Hemsley dis¬ 
coursed learnedly on species of Chrysanthemums, Mr. F. W. Bur- 
bidge exhaustively on seeds and seedlings, and Messrs. C. Orchard, C. 
Pearson, and W. Piercy practically and ably on dwarfing and grouping 
Chrysanthemums, market Chrysanthemums, and summer Chrysanthe¬ 
mums respectively, Mr. Shirley Hibberd presiding. There was unfor¬ 
tunately no discussion. The papers were, perhaps, fully too long, and a 
synopsis of them is necessary for distributing through a meeting for 
purposes of discussion. We have only received transcripts of two of 
them, which follow. There was a large attendance. The papers will 
be published in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, which 
will be sent to Fellows of the Society who desire to have copies. 
PROGRESS IN CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 
Mr. Shirley Hibberd’s paper given in the Conference under the 
above somewhat vague title, treated of the evolution of the flower as 
illustrated in its development in European gardens in the last 100 years. 
He said a flower of this kind was removed by man as far as possible 
from natural influences, and the direction of its development was in 
great part determined by the cultivator’s taste. It was especially 
worthy of observation in entering upon the subject that we did not, as 
makers of the flower, begin with the wild forms that man had not till 
then touched ; but we began with an old favourite of the gardens of 
China, the Corea and Japan, and not only so, but all the several types 
of reflected, incurved, Japanese, and Anemone flowers were established 
in the east ages before the; -west knew of their existence. Many fine 
varieties that would not be classed as Japanese were obtained from 
China in the early days of the present century, and there was no evi¬ 
dence to be found in the history of the occurrence of a new type as the 
Tesult of European cultivation. Comparing early with late flowers, 
however, the differences were enormous ; all the early kinds were rough 
ar.d wanting in dignity as compared with those that had found favour 
in Europe in the last fifty years. 
The multiplicity of types and styles -was advantageous as affording 
scope for the exercise of a variety of tastes. IVhen the Japs were 
coming in like a flood in the days of Mr. Salter, the London florists 
objected to them on the ground of their extravagant departure from the 
code of properties that then prevailed, being so enamoured of the in¬ 
curved flowers as to need time to discover beauty in the new comers. 
But a school of florists in the south of France hailed the innovation with 
joy, and Frenchmen who had failed to find in the incurved flowers the 
properties that pleased them took to the Japs, and quickly produced a 
magnificent series of new varieties, the effect of which on the mind of 
Europe was to establish the Chrysanthemum in the highest degree of 
popularity as a florist’s flower. The men were in each case better than 
the schools that owned them, and they learned to perceive in each 
other’s special favourites rights to divide honours with their own 
Regarding the dark refitxed Kiku, figured in “B. M.,” 327, as the 
first of its group, it would be found that Involutum, or Curled Lilac, 
figured by Sweet, 1823, might be regarded as the first proper incurved 
flower. The first of the Japs was undoubtedly the quilled flamed 
yellow, introduced from China by Captain Drummond for the Horticul¬ 
tural Society in the year 1820. A number of examples were given of 
Anemones, Anemone Pompons, and Liliputians, and the structure of 
the flower was explained with special reference to the organs of repro¬ 
duction. Beginning, then, with the types ready formed, it will bo 
seen that the European florists have in less than a hundred years- 
accomplished more for the flowers than the Chinese cultivators in the- 
thousands of years during which they profess to have regarded it as 
a favourite. They had a circle to begin with as in the case of any 
asteraceous flower, but out of this simple form they had evolved infinite 
variety, for while a perfect incurved flower differed so greatly from a 
fantastic Jap, the same fundamental lines were traceable in both, were 
essential to both, and the variations consisted in added adornments- 
But geographical influences co-operate with diversity of tastes in the 
fashioning of the flower. The general tendency of taste in raising and 
selecting is to sterilise it, and the incurved represent the most com¬ 
pletely sterilised form ; while the Anemone centred is a form in which 
fertile florets occur not by accident, but as an integral part of the true- 
model. The Corea is a cold country, and Japan is a cold country, and 
their climates had contributed to the sterilisation which, iu the case of' 
the incurved had been completed by British cultivators. Indeed this,, 
the most perfect, the most satisfying, and the most exacting of all 
forms of the flower known to us, is really a cold climate form, as our- 
friends in the south of France discovered in its refusal to be managed- 
by them ; while on the other hand the Japanese type in their hands- 
became as a new creation. These facts are of vital importance in the- 
study of the making of this grandest of all florists’ flowers. If we are 
to have new forms, we must have fertile flowers to begin with ; and we- 
must cease to disbud, give no preference to this or that bud, allow the- 
plant to show its flowers, and as the climate is too cold for seeding, we 
must make a climate for the purpose. English cultivators have hoped 
for seed from incurved flowers of the noblest forms and proportions, in 
accordance with the Shakespearean motto, “ From fairest flowers we- 
desire increase,” but a first-class incurved flower was as incapable of 
producing seed as the bud that never opened. 
But we are not entirely dependant on seed for new varieties, for- 
this is a sportive plant, and a considerable proportion of onr gains in 
new varieties have been by means independent of the cultivator who 
has only had to keep what Nature gave him without his asking. Sports- 
were probably of seminal origin ; in other words, they represented the 
parentage on one side or farther back than the immediate progenitors^ 
and the occurrence of the sports that appeared to be identical at 
different places at the same time seemed to prove that the quality newly 
exhibited in the sport was an inheritance, and of strictly seminal 
origin. 
Looking to the future, Mr. Hibberd discussed at some length the- 
developments that might be anticipated. Referring to a figure in the- 
“ Keramic Arts of Japan,” and to one of the customary blue Chrys¬ 
anthemums on a Japanese Cloisonne jar that he placed upon the table,, 
he said we might hope for a much nearer approach to blue and to red 
than any flowers had as yet shown, but it was unlikely and perhaps 
undesirable that high positive tones of blue or scarlet should appear- 
We may hope for more blue and more red, and for the full development 
of an agreeable odour. The asteraceous order is characterised by the- 
produetion of aromatic principles that often are far from pleasant, and 
our favourite is given to the manufacture of an odour that reminds one 
of Camomiles. But a very trifling variation in the constituents of’ 
aromatic substances would often make all the difference between 
odours that create disgust or that give delight, and there were a few 
examples of pleasant y scented mums to encourage us. We had 
gone forward in the development of form, but we should have to go- 
backward to obtain anything like a new departure, for all our fornard 
work tends directly to sterilise the flower and to bar all further- 
progress. 
JUDGING CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 
MEN AND METHODS. 
Mr. Wright in his paper first treated on men and the qualifica¬ 
tions as judges, then indicated the merits and demerits of groups and- 
specimen plants ; and, lastly, dwelt on methods of procedure and the- 
properties of blooms. He said : A season seldom, if ever, passed with¬ 
out the qualifications of persons who are appointed to officiate as judges 
at the chief Chrysanthemum shows being questioned by writers in the 
gardening press. To that he had not the slightest objection, as honest 
criticism was who'esome in taking conceit out of men, and putting 
them on their mettle in the work they undertake. He went on to ask— 
Who are the objectors, and what is their experience ? Who are the 
judges, and what are their credentials ? Who are those who make the- 
appointments, and what are their qualifications ? And answered those 
questions in a somewhat trenchant way. 
Proceeding, he remarked that, apart from technical knowledge, a. 
judge must be absolutely without sympathy at a critical moment. 
Whether he knows to whom the plants or blooms belong or not, he 
must seal his soul against all feeling in favour of a particular man. If 
there be one point against the products of his friend or neighbour he 
must give it against him as if he were ah enemy. Judges, he said, had 
nothing whatever to do with exhibitors, but only with exhibits. This 
was one of the hardest lessons that local judges at local shows had to- 
learn, and he related some experiences bearing on this matter, con* 
