520 
..JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ December 12, 1889, 
and in early April for a late one, in a frame either with slight or without 
bottom heat. The first will need to be kept steadily growing, pricking 
off in pans or boxes when large enough, and hardening well off, plant 
out after the middle of May. The latter may also be pricked off and 
•carefully attended to, the chief thing being to keep the plants sturdy 
and clean, and to plant out at the end of Mayor early June. The 
•summer flowering Chrysanthemums should have the cuttings inserted 
now, striking in gentle heat, potting and growing them in a cool house, 
but one in which they will not suffer from frost and damp through the 
winter, and in cold frames or a cool house in spring, hardening well off 
so as to place out sturdy plants in late May or early June. They should 
be shifted into large pots in spring, and be stopped when about 6 inches 
high. Chrysanthemum coronarium varieties should be sown outdoors 
early in April, or if you require early flowers they maybe sown in gentle 
heat in March. Sweet Sultans are much esteemed for cutting, and so 
also are Cornflowers. 
Converting- Vinery into Peach House (Inquirer, Ketlf ).— 
There is no apparent reason why you should not successfully turn your 
vinery into a Peach house, but we question if you will do wisely in 
■cultivating trees in pots in preference to planting out permanently. It 
is only the most skilful cultivators, and who in addition are in a position 
to devote much time and labour to their cultivation, who succeed in 
annually gathering profitable crops from potted trees, and if our advice 
is to be taken you will not adopt that method of culture. Your house 
being of good height—viz., 14 feet at the back and 7 feet high at the 
front, is admirably adapted for the system of training the trees on cross 
trellises as proposed. In most instances where the plan is a partial 
failure it is owing to the lowness of the fronts of the houses, much 
limited head room causing a woody rather than fruitful growth. 
Tomatoes would succeed remarkably well on the back walls, and such 
would also suit Peaches and Nectarines admirably, as it is not often 
these have a chance to spread to their full extent. Tomatoes might be 
grown well on the cross trellises, and the back wall devoted to Peaches 
■and Nectarines. Trees that ripened fruit during June and July would 
naturally shed their leaves rather early, and in any case you may safely 
utilise the house for storing and flowering large quantities of Chrysan¬ 
themums. The latter thrive best in a dry airy house, only sufficient 
■fire heat being employed to exclude damp and frosts. This would not 
unduly excite the Peach buds or injure the trees in any way, but many 
of the former might drop prematurely if any attempt to force Chrys¬ 
anthemums were made. 
Cinnamon (L. HI. S.). —Cinnamon, which is the inner bark of 
■Cinnamonum zeylanicum, a tree 20 to 30 feet high, and 12 to 18 inche 
in diameter. It is a native of Ceylon, but is found over almost the 
whole of India, the islands of the eastern Archipelago, South America, 
and the West Indies, in all of which it is cultivated. The whole plant 
has the same aromatic properties as is found in the bark of commerce. 
The root has the odour of saffron, and yields a great deal of camphor by 
•distillation with sea water. The flowers have the smell and taste of the 
bark, and they furnish both an essential and concrete oil, which is used 
in the countries where it is obtained against dysentery, fractures, and 
as a cosmetic. The fruit has a smell somewhat like turpentine, and 
a taste like juniper berries ; it is about the size of a Plum, of an oblong 
form and black colour. When ripe a fatty substance is obtained from 
it, called Cinnamon suet or Cinnamon wax, by bruising and then boiling 
it in water, and removing the oily substance which floats on the surface, 
and allowing it to cool and become concrete ; this is used for making 
■candles, which yield a most delicious odour. The wood has the same 
smell as the fruit, and is used for making trunks, boxes, and articles of 
furniture. From the leaves an oil is obtained, which more resembles 
that of cloves than of cinnamon, and which is sold by traders as oil of 
■cloves. Cinnamon branches are seldom cut less than half an inch, or 
more than 2 or 3 inches in diameter. The bark is removed by making 
longitudinal incisions, and it is then taken off in strips. The strips are 
placed one above another, in parcels 8 or 10 inches thick, and allowed 
to remain for twenty-four hours, when a fermentation takes place, 
which facilitates the removal of the outer pellicle and the green part 
•of the bark. The inner bark is thus left free, and is finally rolled 
longitudinally into cylinders or long quills, about 3 feet long, and the 
smaller quills are pushed within the larger; these are dried on clay, 
first in the shade and subsequently in the sun. When packed black 
pepper is used to fill the intermediate space, by which it is said that 
•damp is absorbed, and the flavour of the cinnamon preserved. 
Wire Structure for Fruit (Northumbrian ).—Gooseberry houses 
■or permanent structures covered with galvanised wire netting are 
frequently to be met with in various parts of the country, and in all 
probability their numbers will increase considerably. They are not 
•devoted exclusively to Gooseberry culture, but are attached to high 
walls, these being furnished with Plum and late Cherry trees, while 
bushes of these and also Gooseberries and Currants share the covered 
space clear of the walls. In the midland and southern counties gene¬ 
rally a south border would not be devoted to these fruits, a cooler 
■aspect better suiting all of them. In your case probably a south border 
would suit any of the fruits named, and they might, therefore, be 
■covered in permanently as you suggest, as well as the Peaches, Necta¬ 
rines, and Apricots. The structure ought to be of a durable charabter, 
and so formed as to be uninjured by a great weight of snow, which 
lodges readily on the close mesh netting necessarily used. A gentle 
slope to the front is advisable for several reasons. The front 
ought to be fully 5 feet high if bushes or dwarf trees are grown 
under the covering, and this in your case would give a fall of 
4 feet from the back. It is advisable to use stout oak posts, the front 
plate being of good red deal. The rafters may well be inches by 
2 inches, and if these are disposed 8 feet apart, duly morticed to the 
back wall plate, and fitted to the front plate, this will be all the frame¬ 
work necessary. In some instances the posts and rafters are placed 
12 feet apart, and the latter further strengthened by having two purlins 
of 3 J inch by 2-inch deal. In order to keep out quite the smallest 
birds as well as mice, both of which are at times very troublesome, 
it is necessary to use J-inch mesh wire netting not merely along the 
front but over the whole structure. Larger sizes have been tried, but 
were not effective. It should be remembered that if birds generally are 
rigorously excluded from hardy fruit trees and bushes various insect 
pests, notably the Gooseberry caterpillar, may gain the upper hand, and 
prove more destructive than any other enemy. To counteract this evil 
it is a good plan to have a few large wire-covered shutters fitted in 
between the posts, these being removeable or fixed at will by means of 
stout hooks and staples. During the winter months or till such times 
as neither birds nor, as in your case, rabbits will be troublesome, the 
shutters may be kept closed, but just as the buds are bursting into full 
leaf the birds should be admitted, and not excluded again till the fruit 
is ripening. The wire netting would not afford protection from frosts, 
but with a permanent structure up it would be a simple matter to add 
mats or blinds. Glass being so very cheap, why not glaze the roof down 
to about 4 feet from the coping ? This would necessitate occasional 
applications of water to the borders, but the great improvement in the 
quality and quantity of the crops would more than compensate. It 
should be added that it is a good plan to rough plane the timber used in 
the construction of a wire netting-covered structure, this admitting of two 
or three dressings of black varnish being applied with great preservative 
benefit. 
Karnes of Fruits.—The names and addresses of senders of fruit 
to be named must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether 
letters referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are 
not necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only 
< six specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cannot 
be preserved. (If. J. II). —The Pear is Easter BeurrA ( IF. II. D.). — 
Very good specimens of Golden Winter Pearmain. There has been no 
alteration in folding the pages, it is the customary way. Machine-cut 
pages usually spoil many numbers for binding purposes, 
Karnes of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, dry 
wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once, 
and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(IF. M. AT.).—1, Eranthemum pulchellum ; 2, Insufficient without 
flowers ; 3, Physalis Alkekengi; 4, Oncidium sarcodes. (IF. C.). —The 
specimens have been greatly damaged in transit, but as nearly as we 
can determine they areas follows :—1, Adiantum assimile ; 2, Adiantum 
scutum; 3, Insufficient; 4, Nephrolepis davallioides ; 5, Adiantum 
pubescens. 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
J. Carter & Co., 237 and 233, High Holborn .—Seed Catalogue (Illus¬ 
trated with Coloured Plates), 1800. 
II. & F. Sharpe, Wisbech .—Seed Potatoes, 18S9-1800. 
W. E. Bryce, Victoria Cottages, Archway Hoad, Higbgate.— Cata¬ 
logue of Chrysanthemums. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— December 11th. 
No alteration. 
FRUIT. 
8. 
d. 
0. 
d. 
a. 
d. 
0 . 
a. 
Apples, I sieve.. .. 
2 
0 tc 6 
0 
Oranges, for 100 
4 
0 
tc 9 
0 
,, Nova Scotia 
and 
Peaches. dozen .. .. 
. , 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oauailo, rer baml 12 
0 
20 
0 
Plums A-siove .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cherries, £ si«rve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Rod Cu*r-nU, per A-sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Grapes, per It. 
i 
0 
3 
0 
B ack .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
LOili-JIiD. CRHiJ .. •• 
•• 
io 
0 
Is 
G 
Sc. Michael Pints, euch 
2 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
e 
d. 
s. 
d. 
9 
d. 
B. 
d. 
Artichokes, dozen .. 
4 
0 
to 5 
0 
Leel* a. hunch .. 
0 
2 
to 0 
Asparagus, bundle .. 
r , 
0 
0 
a 
0 
Lettuce, au/stui 
. j 
0 
H 
) 
3 
Beans, fi.iduey,por lb 
. •» 
0 
G 
l 
0 
Mushrooms, ounce* 
. , 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen .. 
,, 
1 
0 
'J 
0 
Mustard & Uress, punnet 
O 
2 
0 
U 
Broccoli, Dundle •• 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bus; el 
, . 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Brussels Sprout-, h sieve 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Parslev, dozen bunches 
s 
0 
5 
0 
Cabbage, dozen 
,, 
1 
G 
0 
0 
Parsnips, dozen 
• « 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Capsicum?, per ICO 
,, 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt.., 
, . 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Carrots, bunch .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Rnubarb, oucd>* .. 
• • 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Cauliflower?, dozen 
f t 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Salsify, bundle 
4 • 
1 
0 
1 
a 
Celery, bundle 
1 
0 
i 
8 
Scorzonera, bundle 
• • 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Colewort?, doz. hunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Shallots, per ft .. 
• • 
0 
s 
0 
0 
Cucumbers,each 
0 
1 
0 
6 
Spinach, bushel .. 
• • 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Endive, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Tomatoc?, per lb. 
0 
6 
0 
9 
Hero?, bunch .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Turnips, bunch .. 
• • 
0 
4 
0 
0 
