220 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ March IS. 189^. 
latter, 17 to 20 inches long, and i to lOJ inches wide, being preserved. 
Satyrium membranaceum is a South African Orchid related to S. car- 
neum, and found in “ the same kind of wet sandy dunes near Cape 
Town.” The flowers are bright rosy red, much like those of S. carneum 
roseum figured in this Journal. ArisEema Wray i (t. 7105) is a tropical 
-■Iroid found “ in Perak, where it was discovered by Mr. L. Wray.” 
The spathe is pale green, with a long narrow drooping spadix, the leaves 
are pedate, with five to nine narrow divisions. Lathrma clandestina is 
one of the remarkable Toothworts found in the west and south of 
France, in Spain, Belgium, and Italy. “ A plant was presented to Kew 
by Dr. Schumann in May, 1888, and was planted by the roots of a 
Willow near the piece of water opposite the museum No. 1, and flowered 
in April 1889.” The flowers are pale purple with a darker lower lip. 
Papaver rupifragum var. atlanticum (t. 7107) is a native of Morocco 
discovered by Mr. Ball and Sir Joseph Hooker at an elevation of 6000 
to 7000 feet in the Greater Atlas south of the city of Morocco, growing 
in dry rocky places. It is a perennial, and bears large bright orange 
red or scarlet flowers. 
-Emigration op Gardeners. —Perhaps it may interest Mr 
A. Outram to learn that the gardener who sailed on January 4th in the 
“Wyoming” for America arrived “four days overdue.” “We ex¬ 
perienced,” writes our prompter of the notes that you, Mr. Editor, have 
found a place for in the Journal of Horticulture, “ very severe weather, 
and for about four hours the waves were so high we expected to go down. 
We lost three boats, one of which was stove in, breaking it into match- 
wood ; the other two were lifted clean away. One sailor was washed 
overboard, but was recovered, I landed on 18th January at Castle 
Gardens, New York. Not many passengers ; five not having money or 
friends, will be sent back, and an elderly man was taken by a detective 
ju.st as he was leaving the boat, being wanted in London. The weather 
is very mild for the time of year.” The above under date of January 
20th. Writing again from Holmsburg, Philadelphia, G.A., U.S.A., 
February 10th, “I have been to all florists worth working for. They 
promised work as soon as the weather permitted, but sorry they had no 
opening at present. They also told me that there was an unusual 
number of good men out this year, and advised me not to depend too 
much on the florist. So being disappointed for once, and as you are 
aware my funds are only small, I have taken advantage of the St 
George’s Society, of which I am a member. They take all poor members 
in during the winter months, finding them sleeping apartments and 
plenty to eat.” This is given for the perusal of “ B.,” who will see 
that what he proposes is done in America, and is a success. Continuing 
our extract, “ Usually in January there is plenty of ice cutting, which 
lasts six weeks, and passes over the worst part of the winter. None 
had yet. This will be felt very much in the sumther, as everybody uses 
ice, but the prophets say there will be plenty, and you know the Yankee 
is great on weather predictions. Everything here is very forward ; 
grass long enough to cut with a machine, most trees ready to burst. 
Hoses with shoots 2 inches long, more like the middle of April. The 
papers give it out as the mildest winter for over 125 years. Farmers are 
already going crazy owing to the earliness of crops. They say if 
wintry weather does come they will be ruined.”— Utilitarian. 
-The annual meeting of the members of the Twickenham 
FIorticultural Society was held recently in the Town Hall, the 
Rev. D. Anderson presiding. The Hon. Sec. announced that the Sub- 
Committee appointed to consider the question of the advisability of 
amalgamating with the Teddington Society had conferred with the Sub- 
Committee of that Society. A report was made to the General Com¬ 
mittee at Teddington, and after considerable discussion it was resolved 
that the time had not arrived when the amalgamation of the two 
Societies would be desirable. In the twenty-first annual report, which 
was read by Mr. J. G. G. Pugh, the Hon. Sec., the Committee tendered 
their best thanks to the subscribers and exhibitors for their co-operation 
and support, The report stated that it was matter for regret that the 
summer Show did not pay financially, and last year a deficit of £32 15s. 
occurred, this, however, being reduced by donations amounting to 
£10 16s. 6il. It would be the duty of the Committee to reduce the 
prizes in the schedule for the forthcoming summer Show in such a 
manner as would meet the altered circumstances of the subscription list. 
The autumn Show still increased in popularity, and out of 260 entries 
upwards of 100 were those of cottagers. The receipts of the Show were 
£101 19s., and the profit of £11 9s. Id. went in reduction of the 
deficit on the summer Show. In conclusion the Committee thanked 
Mr. J. S. Nicholson for the use of Poulett Lodge for the summer Show, 
Lady Freake for the use of the Town Hall in the autumn, and all 
those who had assisted during the year. An addition to the rules to 
the effect that all objections should be made in writing to the Secretary 
before four o’clock on the day of the Show was carried. Mr. Bates 
proposed that eight tickets only be given to each subscriber, except on 
application to the Secretary, and in support of his motion he stated that 
in many cases one subscriber received sixteen tickets, which was ridi¬ 
culous in his opinion. The Secretary stated that under the present 
system 1200 tickets were issued, thirty-two being sent to one subscriber 
in one case ; that the adoption of the proposition would lessen the ex¬ 
penses, and would no doubt benefit the Society. The motion was agreed 
to. Mr. Pugh was re-elected Hon. Sec., Mr. Roe Treasurer, and Messrs. 
Duncan and Bates Auditors, votes of thanks being accorded to each for 
past services. The Committee was then re-elected, Messrs. Bruckhause, 
Walde, Sage, and Mitchell being elected to fill vacancies. It was 
decided to hold the summer Show on July 2nd. 
- The Kew Bulletin for 5Iarch contains chapters on the origin 
and production of “ Indian Yellow,” “ The Commercial Value of Loxa 
Bark” (Cinchona officinalis), and “Barilla” (Halogeton sativus)- 
Respecting the last named much interesting information is given, and 
we extract the following, by Mr. Jasper W. Cumming, Vice-Consul, 
Alicante :— 
- Report on the Barilla Industry (Salsola or Halogeton 
sativus).—“ Since the development of the manufacture of soda salts by 
purely chemical processes, the Barilla industry in this province has 
become very reduced, although not completely obsolete, the plant being 
still cultivated to a certain extent. It is very difficult to ascertain the 
quantity of Barilla manufactured, but I am informed that from 200 to 
250 tons may be considered an average yearly production. Value 
varies greatly according to abundance and demand, and may be roughly 
quoted from 2 dols. to 2J dols. per quintal or 50 kilos. As to the culti¬ 
vation of the plant, the seed is sown in January and February in the 
same manner as other ordinary seeds, and requires no special care. The 
seed becomes worthless if not sown the season following its collection. 
The plant is gathered in August. It is pulled up by the root, spread for 
two or three days, and then collected in small conical shaped piles of 
two or three quintals each, so that in case of rain the water may not 
penetrate so much into the interior and rot the plant. It is left thus 
about a month to thoroughly dry. If not then required to be burnt ib 
is stacked and covered with esparto or rush to preserve it. The manu¬ 
facture of Barilla is carried out as follows :—A hole is dug out in the 
form of a large round earthenware pot, about foot in diameter at the 
mouth, about 4 feet at the bottom, and depth about 3J feet, the inner 
part of which is well beaten, and then covered with a slight smooth 
coating of mud. A small quantity of wood is then burnt to ashes in 
this hole to dry and heat it, when it is cleaned out and a couple of iron 
rods or bars are placed across the mouth, over which bars a quantity of 
the plant is placed and fired, more being added continually as it is con¬ 
sumed for about twelve hours. Then the bars are removed by means of 
a large, bent, two-prodded, wooden fork, the boiling substance in the 
hole is thoroughly stirred, till it becomes even and smooth on surface 
like molten lead ; then the bars are replaced, and the same operation 
repeated until the hole is filled, when the entire mass is finally stirred 
as described. The mouth of the hole is then closed up, and the Baril'a 
is left about a week to cool thoroughly, during which time it hardens 
and cracks into pieces. The hole has then merely to be dug around and 
the Barilla taken out.” 
TREATMENT OF MANURES. 
If Mr. Tonks, on page 192, eonsiders my remarks on page 172 
“ rancorous,” he is free to indulge in such epithets, but I prefer to 
discuss matters on which ditterences of opinion exist in a spirit of 
impartiality. 1 have carefully gathered all the evidence I can, and this 
supplemented by my own experience, I intend placing under the heading 
of “Artificial Manures; their Uses and Abuses.” This, I hope, will 
give Mr. Tonks sufficient food to digest and subject matter for criticism, 
as some facts therein may be antagonistic to his ideas. The subject will 
embrace the natures of soils, their origin, constituents, and deficiencies ; 
the crops they will suit or not suit, and how rhey can be made suitable 
to any crop ; the various manures, artificial or natural, that ought to 
be applied, the effect and the various reactions that take place upon 
their application to the soil and upon crops or plants ; therefore I will 
not discuss Mr. Tonks’ letter as 1 would otherwise have done. I was 
only struck by the manufacturer utilising his farmyard manure because 
of the great expense of the application of 10 tons of it, if a cwt. of 
properly prepared artificial mixture would have supplied all that was 
necessary. 
Knowing that there are persons still ignorant enough to believe that 
the canker and all other diseases affecting tree life is caused by the 
