258 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ jr.irch 27, 13flrt. 
large culture, or the dwarf or standard systems, and before pro¬ 
ceeding it may be advisable to state that the deductions are taken 
from the actual performance of the trees, and the produce estimated 
by their seasonable value. To judge winter and spring Apples in 
autumn is not feasible, as it admits of no true estimate of their 
relative and special value, except of course from knowledge pre¬ 
viously acquired. All, however, are not competent to reason from 
analogy, and the best test to which the generality of growers can 
put any subject is the practical, as it is by that tribunal the produce 
will be ultimately judged. The consumer has no “tender mercy ” 
to bestow on an inferior variety and indifferent produce, and will 
pass sentence according to the relative utility of the product. 
What may suit the grower may not suit the customer ; hence the 
latter’s preference for the finer and sweeter American Apples, for as 
men advance in civilisation and wealth they lose their liking for 
crabs, and acquire a taste for the sweet refreshing juice of Apples. 
My first point, therefore, is unprofitable fruit trees. Apples 
are grown unsuited to the taste and requirements of the consumer. 
True, well grown produce meet ready acceptance in the markets, but 
what is it in comparison to the general bulk of Apples marketed ? 
The produce of trees grown in gardens on the dwarf or in orchards 
on standard trees where intelligent culture is practised may be 
profitable. "What of the great number of trees that comprise the 
English orchards ? Perhaps with an area ten times exceeding that 
of cultured fruit gardens and orchards not a tenth of their pro¬ 
duce is fit to place in the markets. This, in part, from unsuitable¬ 
ness of variety, the clinging to kinds that may have been profitable 
in their day, but which from the increased inter-communication of 
growers adopting the better of the old and adding approved new 
varieties, have become obsolete and unprofitable. Perhaps nine- 
tenths of the varieties as grown in the gardens of cotters and in the 
orchards of farmers have, compared with imported produce, no 
value in the markets. It will bring a price no doubt, as there are 
those that must buy equally indigent with those that must sell at 
a price ; but the placing of inferior produce in the market only 
assists the importer and consumer, as it causes the superior article 
to sell, not prejudicially affecting i’s price, whilst the inferior 
brings a poor price if it have not to be given away or disposed of 
at a sacrifice, so that if not an actual loss the labour of gathering, 
storing, and marketing is inadequately repaid. 
The way out of the difficulty through the variety is to change. If 
the variety be good and pays leave it alone. Never mind about its 
name, although there is delight in knowledge, but stick to it as 
proved suited to the soil and situation, and one only to be displaced 
upon practical demonstration of other’s superiority in all or a 
majority of points. Adopt some standard : there is no higher than 
that which commands the readiest sale and best price in the 
market, for there is seen the outcome of opposition and competi- 
t'on much more decisively and instructively than in exhibitions. 
In most cases it will be noticed that the varieties seen to the front 
are comparatively few. Growers that compete for prizes at exhi¬ 
bitions and those for market grow but few sorts ; the first aims at 
excellence irrespective of crop, but the grower for market must 
have a combination of quality with quantity, therefore grows but 
few sorts, and those the most productive. 
Selectio.x of Varieties for Dessert or Kitchen. 
Dwarf CuUttre or Trees on Paradise stoeJes —the Broad-leaved 
and Nonesuch being, perhaps, the best. These trees are very fibry 
rooted, and it is by the roots rather than the head that restriction 
of over-luxuriance and the inducing of a free-cropping habit is to 
be sought ; indeed, pruning now must not be much practised if 
the trees are to pay, confining it to shortening the long shoots and 
thinning the others, so as to allow all parts of the trees to be fully 
exposed to the direct influence of the sun’s rays and the action of 
the aveather. Close by “cropped” or cut-in trees may afford a 
plentiful crop of blossom, but more frequently leaves. Something 
more is expected of fruit trees. To get the fruit the growth must 
be sturdy, thoroughly assimilating the aliment by exposure to 
light, air, and rain, and storing up food in the wood and buds in 
order to procure fruit when it is a matter of feeding in order to 
acquire the enviable position of pleasing everybody. 
Pyramids .—Early ; Lady Sudeley, Wormsley Pippin. Mid¬ 
season ; King of the Pippins, Yorkshire Beauty, Lord Derby, King 
of Tomkins County. Late : Rhode Island Greening, Dutch Mig- 
uonne, Balchin’s Pippin, Allen’s Everlasting. 
Bush. —Early: Duchess of Oldenburgh. Midseason: Peasgood's 
Nonesuch, Baxter’s Pearmain, American Mother, Fearn’s Pippin, 
Hormead’s Pearmain, Adam’s Pearmain, Reinette de Canada- 
Large Bush : Cox’s Pomona, Nelson Codlin, Harvey Apple, Graven- 
stein, Emperor Alexander. Small Bush : Small’s Admirable. 
Late: Calville Malingre. It may be noted that Harvey Apple or 
Dr. Harvey is similar to, if not identical with. Golden Noble and 
V altham Abbey Seedling, or if differing due in variation to soil 
and location ; also, Yorkshire Beauty is confounded avith Red 
Hawthornden. The Yorkshire Beauty is the Greenup’s Pippin 
of Dr. Hogg’s “ Fruit Manual,” fourth edition, page 05 (I haven’t 
the later or fifth edition), where it is very accurately described. 
It is also known as Cumberland Favourite, Palmer’s Glory, and 
under other names. Adam’s Pearmain blooming late escapes spring 
frosts when others suffer. 
Cordons (horizontal, diagonal, or vertical on Paradise stock).— 
Lady Sudeley, Wormsley Pippin, Cobham, Peasgood s Nonesuch, 
Lord Derby, Dr. Hogg, King of the Pippins, Small's Admirable, 
Baxter’s Pearmain, Reinette de Canada, Lane's Prince Albert, 
and Veitch’s Sandringham. The last two, with Lord Derby and 
Dr. Hogg, also Peasgood’s Nonesuch, may not please all tastes at 
dessert, but some relish a brisk acidity, and a large baked Apple, 
whilst everybody admires their noble appearance on occasion at 
table. Small’s Admirable has a pleasing acidity. Dessert or 
kitchen.—Large culture or trees on Crab stocks, in which the 
pruning is confined to shortening or cutting out irregularities, and 
to thinning out the branches. 
Espaliers. — Worcester Pearmain, Harvey Apple, Emperor 
Alexander, Baxter’s Pearmain, Gravenstein, Harvey’s Wiltshire 
Defiance, King of Tomkins County, Royal Pearmain, Rhode 
Island Greening, Dutch Mignonne, Stamford Pippin, and Allen s 
Everlasting. 
Walls or Fences with east or avest aspect, and all points between 
following the sun— i.e., from east to west. On a southern aspect 
(but only in the north, the south is too hot) the size, colour, and 
quality is superb.—Yorkshire Beauty or Greenup’s Pippin, Wash¬ 
ington, Northern Spy, Melon Apple, Melrose, The Queen, Sand¬ 
ringham, Dr. Hogg, Reinette de Canada, Lane’s Prince Albert, 
King of Tomkins County, and Calville Malingre. If grown 
on low walls or fences the trees should be on the Paradise stock. 
Standard. —Early : Lady Sudeley, Worcester Pearmain, Worms¬ 
ley Pippin. Midseason : Cox’s Pomona, King of the Pippins, 
Emperor Alexander, Harvey Apple, Nelson Codlin, Melrose, 
Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance, Lady Henniker (which does not do on 
a wet heavy subsoil). Royal Pearmain, Baxter’s Pearmain, Lewis’s 
Incomparable, Hormead’s Pearmain, Lemon Pippin, and King of 
Tomkins County. Late : Rhode Island Greening, Dutch Mig¬ 
nonne, Stamford Pippin, London Pippin, Allen’s Everlasting, 
Hambledon Deux Ans, Barnack Beauty, and Balchin's Pearmain. 
Hambledon Deux Ans is not a great bearer in a young state, but not 
so great a sinner in that respect as Blenheim Pippin and Be-s Pool, 
yet it (Hambledon Deux Ans) may not inaptly be taken for a green 
and late variety of Blenheim Pippin. Blenheim Pippin is a first- 
rate variety, the best of its season for either dessert or kitchen use 
from a marketing point of view, but those planting must wait at 
least a dozen years before the returns can be considered remunera¬ 
tive—in fact, it is a landlord’s Apple. Bess Pool is a shy bearer 
when young, quite as bad as Blenheim Pippin, with the disadvan¬ 
tage that it does not bear the crops it might, and appears capable of 
doing when it attains its majority, otherwise they are varieties of 
unexceptionable value in their respective seasons, if indeed they 
have any equals. Regrafting, though tending to earlier cropping, 
is not so effective with these as with some other kinds, yet those 
who have kinds that are inferior through variety may with advan¬ 
tage be regrafted with Blenheim Pippin, and these will come into 
profitable bearing in about half the time that is required to obtain 
them by planting young trees, and singularly the fruit is finer and 
brighter in colour, but of this I shall treat in due course. 
Selection of Dessert Varieties. 
Diearf Culture or Trees on Paradise Stocks. — Pyramids .— 
Early : Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin. Midseason : King of the 
Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin (does not succeed on cold wet sub¬ 
soils), Fearn Pippin, Golden Reinette (requires a well drained soil), 
Claygate Pearmain (succeeds in heavy soil, where Ribston Pippin 
fails). Late : Rhode Island Greening, Court pendfi Plat, Boston 
Russet, Allen’s Everlasting. 
Bush. —Duchess of Oldenburgh, American Mother, Adam’s 
Pearmain, Mabbott’s Pearmain, Margil, and Scarlet Nonpareil form 
highly prolific small bushes. 
Cordons. — Horizontal, diagonal, or vertical : King of the 
Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Fearns Pippin, American Mother, 
Golden Reinette, Melon Apple, Claygate Pearmain, Margil, Court 
pendu Plat, Boston Russet, Scarlet Nonpareil, and to make up the 
dozen interlope Sturmer Pippin, which has been excluded through 
its being affected with a disease (fungoid) which is equally disastrous 
to flowers, foliage, and fruit. 
Large Culture or Trees on Crar Stocks. 
Espaliers. —Irish Peach, King of the Pippins, Cox's Orange 
Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Adam’s Pearmain, Golden Reinette, Clay- 
