£90 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ A pi 11 5, 1890. 
tlie brood,” are two prime causes of the disease. Overheating in a 
humid atmosphere acts upon the pollen in such a manner as to 
incite the disease readily into the most virulent form, and the queen 
has to suffer all the inconvenience of an overheated hive. It is 
probable the eggs in her ovaries nearly ready for hatching may be 
rendered fit to start the disease through loss of stamina and a 
weakened constitution. Overheating doubtless brings on foul 
brood, and so does kept unsealed honey when supplied to bees. 
The beginner should, therefore, become fully impressed with 
these facts, avoiding both to the fullest extent by using as an anti¬ 
dote the means that were never known to propagate foul brood nor 
to harbour it. 
De.vtii of a Successful Bee-keeper. 
The Rev. A. McLaren, D.D., died at his residence, Houston 
Manse, on Sunday, 23rd March, in his GOth year, leaving a widow 
and three sons. Mr. M'Laren was of a kind and affable disposition. 
He took a great interest in all that tended to the welfare of the 
parish and parishioners. The parish of which he has been minister 
for thirty years, and also Chairman to the Parochial Board, 
will lament his loss. As a bee-keeper few surpassed him. His 
successes have been given from time to time in these pages, and he 
was amongst the first to discover the superiority of the Ligurian 
bee and its crosses. He was a great advocate of the Stewarton 
hive, and a visit to his apiary during the honey season could not 
fail to convince the most sceptical of its superiority. All the work 
of the apiary and the garden, which were kept scrupulously neat, 
was performed by himself. During the last year he contributed a 
series of practical articles on bee-keeping to the Evening Times, 
which were received generally with much acceptance. His mode 
of encouraging bee-keeping amongst the working classes was to 
present them with bees and visit their apiaries, giving advice as 
required.—A Lanarkshire Bee-keeper. 
ORIGIN OF MOVEABLE FRAME HIVES. 
In reply to a request for information on this subject we cite what 
appears relevant from “ The Apiary.”* From “ time immemorial ” 
there have existed bar hives ; indeed, they have been traced to the 
ribbed carcase of Samson’s lion. But in most cases the bars were not 
moveable—they were simply designed to aid the purpose of keeping an 
upper storey in some degree clear of the queens intermeddling. And 
oven when they were capable of removal they added but a slight step in 
advance, and the credit of the inventions of Golding in England and 
Dzierzon in Germany is due, not to the bars themselves, but to their 
mode of aflBxing, and especially to the guide-comb attached beneath. 
At about the same date with these there appeared a Russian hive 
known as the Propokovitsch, which consisted in an arrangement of 
several storeys of frames inserted endways and resting on cross pieces 
below them. Thus one invention supplied bars without frames, while 
ihe other offered frames without bars. But the right idea has now 
been caught, and it is not surprising that several apiarians, inde¬ 
pendently and simultaneously, were engaged at this period in working 
it out. 
Briefly summarised the sequel is as follows In 1841 our own 
countryman. Major Munn, obtained a patent in France for his moveable 
fcar-and-frame hive, of which he published a description in England in 
1844 ; in America in 1831 Mr. Langstroth completed the invention of 
his moveable bar frames ; and in Germany in 1853 Baron von Berlepsch 
by a distinct inventive process added the frames to Dzierzon’s bars. 
Thus England appears after all to possess the honour of the contrivance, 
although we certainly proved the last to make of it any general or ex¬ 
tensive use. Major Munn’s original hive opened at the back, and when 
in 1851 he reappeared in print with a hive opening at the top he had 
altered the frames (and hive too) from oblong to triangular. Probably 
one reason of the invention’s failure was the expensiveness of the 
Major’s fittings, which are such as to make the hive appear in his 
engravings more like some astronomical instrument than a box for bees 
and honey. Be this as it may there was practically no such thing as a 
frame hive in use in England till 1860, when Mr. Tegetmeier was the 
means of reintroducing it—whether from Germany or America we are 
■not quite sure. The German hives, however, open at the end, while Mr. 
Langstroth’s are like our own, so that whoever was the inventor of bar- 
frame hives the hive of English apiarians comes nearer to this gentle¬ 
man’s than to that of anyone else. Mr. Woodbury it was who 
Afterwards brought out the frame hive which met with the first general 
acceptance in this country. 
*By Alfred NeighLour, published by Kent & Co., Paternoster Row. 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
W. H. Hudson, Tottenham, London .—Catalogue of Japanese Lilies, 
J.Cheal & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley.— Catalogue of Dahlias. 
Rawlings Brothers, Old Church, Romford, Essex.— Catalogue of 
Dahlias. 
William Paul & Co., Bridge of Weir, N.B .—of Pansies and 
Pinks. 
L. Jacob Makoy & Cie, Liege, Belgium .—List of New Plants. 
All correspondence should be directed either to “ The 
Editor ” or to “ The Publisher.” Letters addressed to 
Dr. Hogg or members of the staff often remain unopened 
unavoidably. We request that no one will write privately 
to any of our correspondents, as doing so subjects them to 
unjustifiable trouble and expense. 
Correspondents should not mix up on the same sheet questions 
relating to Gardening and those on Bee subjects, and should 
never send more than two or three questions at once. All 
articles intended for insertion should be written on one side of 
the paper only. We cannot reply to questions through the 
post, and we do not undertake to return rejected communica¬ 
tions. 
Celery (^Header). —Wright’s Grove White grows thrice the size of 
Sandringham, and consequently requires more space for affording suffi¬ 
cient soil for earthing. The smaller variety usually keeps much better 
than the other for spring use. 
Cyclamens (A. II. S .).—The Cyclamen flowers do not possess any 
distinct character. They represent an ordinary strain, and if you 
visite 1 any of the London shows or meetings in the spring you would 
see many plants with much larger flowers and richer colours. 
Chicory QFf. T. II .').—Chicory is grown practically the same as 
Parsnips, by sowing the seed in deeply worked fertile but not freshly 
manured ground towards the end of the present month or early in May. 
After writing you would perhaps see our reply on the subject to a 
correspondent on page 270 last week. If you desire any further 
particulars, and indicate their nature, your letter shall have our 
attention. 
Salad Plants (//. B. IF.).—If you send us a list of what you have 
obtained we will tell you what we know about the plants and their 
cultivation, We cannot give translations of names that are not before 
us. We are not free to publish Mr. Vilmorin’s paper as read at a 
meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, all papers read there being 
reserved for publication in the Society’s Journal for distribution among 
the Fellows. We shall be glad to nominate you if you would like to 
join the Society and share in the privileges to which Fellows are 
entitled. Vol. xii. of the Journal is jusD issued. It contains the 
papers that were read at the Vegetable and Chrysanthemum Con¬ 
ferences, salad plants being enumerated in the vegetable department 
The price to non-Fellows is 5s. 
Disbudding- Vines (A/. N. 0.).—Remove weak growths. When the 
laterals are firmly established in position and no longer liable to be 
broken in securing them to the wires, these laterals being about 18 inches 
apart, no fresh growths will be required between them, and it will be 
better for the Vines if there is none. Much harm is done by having too 
many growths from the main rods of Vines, this preventing the due 
expansion of the foliage, and when the leaves cannot develop under the 
full influence of light they cannot elaborate the crude sap supplied 
by the roots and store nutriment for the support of the Vines. Future 
growths are produced from the buds at the base of existing laterals after 
these are pruned in the ordinary course. It is desirable to make 
sure of the safety of the permanent laterals before removing all the 
superfluous growths. 
Ferns for Cutting (IF. i7.).—If the majority of the fronds have 
been cut the plants may now be trimmed, repotted, and placed in heat. 
Pots 5 or 6 inches in diameter are the most suitable size, and if the roots 
have filled the pots the plants can be divided and again potted in the 
sizes named. One of the best systems of growing Adiantums and Daval- 
lias for supplying fronds for cutting is to place a good number of plants 
in wire baskets 8 inches in diameter. It is often difficult to find stage 
room for as many Ferns as are required for this purpose, but when grown 
in baskets they can be suspended at the back of vineries, or in any posi¬ 
tion where shade from bright sunshine and free ventilation can be given. 
This is the best of all plans by which a bountiful supply of fronds can be 
produced with a minimum of labour and trouble. Adiantum Pacotti is 
an admirable variety for supplying fronds for buttonhole bouquets, and 
