February 10,1887. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND 
COTTAGE GARDENER . 
123 
dead you do not say; nor do you tell us whether the comb was damp and 
mouldy or in good condition. You do not say if the honey left for wintering 
was in a liquid state or granulated, and you also forgot to mention whether 
the syrup was in a fit condition for bees to eat at the time the stock died. 
In the absence of these particulars we presume that the loss of the stock 
was due to draught and exposure, which, by reason of its small population, 
it was less able to withstand than a stock strong in numbers would have 
done. 
COVBNT GARDEN MARKET.— February 9th. 
Market quiet. Grapes making better prices, as also good samples of 
home grown Apples. 
FUUIT. 
e. 
d. 8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d 
Apples .. .. 
2 
0 
to 5 
0 
Melon . 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
„ Nova 
Scotia and 
Oranges .. .. 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Canada, per barrel 10 
0 
13 
0 
Peaches . 
perdoz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cherries .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pears. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cobs .. .. 
60 
0 
70 
0 
Fine Apples English.. Ib. 
1 
8 
2 
0 
Figs .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Plums. 
£ sieve 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Grapes .. .. 
1 
0 
s 
8 
St. Michael Pines 
. .each 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Lemons .. •• 
0 
IS 
0 
Strawberries .. .. 
per lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
H. 
d. 
B. 
d 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d 
Artichokes .. 
.. dozen 
l 
0 to 0 
0 
Lettuce . 
dozen 
1 
0 
to 1 
6 
Asparagus 
.. bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mushrooms .. 
punnet 
0 
8 
1 
0 
Beans, Kidney 
.. per lb 
0 
6 
l 
0 
Mustard and Cress 
punnet 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Beet, Red 
.. dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Ouiou 8 . 
bunoh 
0 
s 
0 
0 
Broccoli .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 
2 
0 
t 
0 
Brussels Sprouts 
.. i sieve 
2 
0 
2 
6 
Parsnips . 
dozen 
l 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage .. .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Potatoes . 
owt. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Capsicums .. .. 100 1 
Carrots.bunch 0 
Cauliflowers .. .. dozen 3 
Celery .bundle 1 
Coleworts doz. bunches 2 
Cucumbers .. .. each 0 
Endive.dozen 
Herns 
Leeks 
bunch 
bunch 
Abutilons .. 12bnnches 
Arum Lilies .. 12 blooms 
Azalea .. .. 12 sprays 
Bouvardias .. per bunch 
Camellias .. 12 blooms 
Carnations .. 12 blooms 
„ .. 12 bunches 
Chrysanthemums 12 bches. 
12 blooms 
Cornflower 
Cyclamen 
Dahlias 
Bplphyllum 
Eucharis 
Gardenias 
12 bunches 
12 blooms 
12 bunches 
doz. blooms 
per dozen 
12 blooms 12 
1 
,, Kidney .. owt. 4 
Rhubarb.. .. bundle 0 
Salsafy.bundle 1 
Scorzonera .. .. bundle 1 
Soakale .. .. per basket 1 
Shallots.lb. 0 
Spinach.bushel 8 
Tomatoes .lb. 0 
Turnips .. .. bunch 0 
6 0 
0 6 
CUT FLOWERS 
d. s. d. 
0 to 4 0 
0 6 
Hyacinths,Roman, 12 sprays 
., .. .. 12 sprays 4 
Lapageria, white, 12 blooms 2 
Lapageria, red .. 12 blooms 1 
„ longiflorum, 12 blms. 0 
Lilac (white), French, bunch 6 
1 
1 
4 
8 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 0 
21 0 
1 6 
6 0 
Lily of the Valley, 12 sprays 
Marguerites .. 12 bunches 
Mignonette .. 12 bunches 
Narciss. Paper-white bunch 
„ White English, bunch 
Pelargoniums, per 12 trusses 
„ scarlet, 12 trusses 
Roses .. 12 bunches 
„ (iadoor), per dozen 
„ Tea. dozen 
„ red (French) dozen 
Parmo Violets (French) 
Poinsettia .. 12 blooms 
Primula (single) per bunch 
(double) per bunch 
Stocks, various 12 bunches 
Tropseolum .. 12 bunches 
Tuberoses .. 12 blooms 
Tulips .. .. doz. blooms 
Violets .. .. 12 bunches 
„ Czar, French, per bunch 
b. d. s. d. 
0 9 to 1 6 
0 6 0 
Aralia Sieboldi .. 
Arbor vitre (golden) 
" » (common) 
Azalea .. .. per 
Begonias .. .. 
Cineraria .. per 
Cyclamen .. ,. 
Dracaena torminalis, 
„ viridis .. 
Erica, various 
Guonymus, in var. 
Evergreens, in var. 
dozen 9 0 to 
dozen 6 0 
dozen 6 0 
dozen 24 0 
dozen 4 0 
dozen 9 0 
dozen 12 0 
dozen 30 0 
dozen 12 0 
dozen 9 0 
dozen 6 
PLANTS IN POTS, 
d. 
s. d. 
18 0 
9 0 
24 0 
dozen 6 0 
i. d. 
0 
6 0 
0 8 
1 
1 
1 
0 
2 
4 
8 6 
7 0 
6 0 
0 6 
1 6 
0 0 
2 0 
4 0 
1 0 
3 6 
2 8 
r. a. 
18 0 
7 0 
10 0 
Ferns, in variety .. dozen 4 
Ficus elastica .. each 1 8 to 
Foliage Plants, var. each 2 0 
Hyacinths .. per dozen 6 9 9 0 
Lilies Valley.. .. dozen 18 0 24 0 
Marguerite Daisy dozen 6 0 12 0 
Myrtles.dozen 6 0 12 0 
Narciss (various).. dozen 12 0 15 0 
Palms, in var. .. each 2 6 21 0 
Primula sisensis per doz. 4 0 6 0 
Solan ■ ms per doz. 9 0 12 0 
Tulips .. . .per doz. pots 6 0 9 0 
SOIL LESSONS. 
A request by “Perplexed” for information about landdrain- 
■age and tbe tools used in doing it, is a not unpleasant reminder 
of the fact that the circulation of the Journal is constantly 
increasing, and that our new readers may value many a 
practical hint with which older subscribers are perfectly 
familiar. We purpose, therefore, in this paper to explain 
the details of a process which, however simple and easy to 
comprehend, may present difficulties to a beginner which we 
earnestly hope our hints may enable him to overcome. 
A land drain in its best form consists of a single row of 
unglazed clay pipes tempered, dried, and burnt in a kiln just 
as bricks are. The pipes have no sockets, but are quite 
plain and uniform in size, and are laid end to end throughout 
the entire length of the drain. For all branch or tributory 
drains the pipes are 2 inches in diameter, and we may 
mention here that when the diameter of a drain pipe is given 
the measurement is taken inside the pipe. Tributary drains 
are made from the highest to the lowest sides of a field, and 
either empty into a ditch or are connected with a main drain 
of 4 to G inches in diameter, which in turn empties into the 
nearest accessible outfall. The tributary or branch drains 
are therefore those into which the superfluous water of the 
soil first enters to be conveyed to the main drain or ditch, 
whence the water flows to a pond or watercourse in a valley. 
The best form of drain is so excavated that the bottom of 
the trench is just wide enough to receive the pipe. Especial 
care is also taken that the bottom has an even clean slope 
from end to end of the drain, be it tributary or main. This 
point is the most important of all, for if the bottom is uneven 
how can the pipes be well and truly laid ? And, moreover, 
if the pipes do not form one practically continuous tube 
gently sloping from the highest to the lowest end without 
obstruction of any kind, how can the water flow quickly and 
constantly away from the soil? Will “Perplexed” and 
other beginners try and grasp this fully ? for if they only do 
so they will have done much towards a full comprehension 
of the manner in which the work should be done. 
Upon grass land the drain is staked and lined and marked 
out with an ordinary garden spade, by means of which the 
turf and top spit of soil is also removed. But on arable land 
the line of each drain is marked out by means of a plough, 
the soil being turned aside on either hand as deeply as 
possible, so that when a shallow 22-inch drain is only required 
the draining tool and scoop finishes tbe work. These draining 
tools are known as Birmingham spades, and are made narrow 
and tapering, so that the bottom of the tool leaves the trench 
just wide enough to afford space for the pipes, the soil 
crumbled by the bottom of the spade being scraped out by 
means of a scoop. Like the spades these scoops are made of 
different sizes, and upon application to any ironmonger 
samples of such tools will quickly be forthcoming. The 
intelligence and good sense of our readers will soon show 
them which of the tools are best adapted for their particular 
use. It will be obvious that for a 22-inch drain a short spade 
