118 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
August 2,1894. 
DAIRY FACTORIES. 
FAiLrRE has come to many a dairy factory from attemptingf 
too much at the outset. The comprehensive scope of the 
Cumberland factory, which we mentioned a fortnight ago, is 
altogether praiseworthy for it, but for beginners, especially for 
co-operating farmers, upon the principle that he who goes softly 
goes safely, it is better to begin at any rate with butter. The 
guiding principle, the rule of action, must be a first-class article 
and nothing else. This is much easier of attainment with butter 
than with cheese, and then, too, with a young company the 
nimble ninepence is altogether pi’eferable to the slow shilling. 
With butter the turnover is quick, with cheese at best it is slow. 
Some factory cheese is so skilfully managed that it is ready for 
market in a month, but Stilton cheese requires full six months 
to ripen and even a Gorgonzola requires three to four months, 
with as much daily attention as the Stilton. 
Butter-making may be so managed that there can be a daily 
churning, but as a general rule it answers best to churn about 
twice weekly because of the time requix'ed for ripening the 
cream before churning. The butter may be sent to market 
regularly the day after the churning, and it is obvious that this 
means prompt payments, which is one of the preliminary 
matters of detail requiring special attention. There is no 
difficulty about this if a first-class sample of butter is placed on 
market with a guarantee for the maintenance of quality, and for 
the supply of a sufficiently large quantity to command the notice 
of wholesale dealers. 
For such a factory the building arrangements are very 
simple, and it may help to make this clear if we quote part of a 
report which we made some time ago of the Harleston Co-opera¬ 
tive Factory in Northamptonshire :—“ Part of a disused malting 
in the village of Harleston has been taken for the purpose, and 
there is ample available space for any subsequent extension of 
the factory as it becomes necessary. The factory now consists 
of three divisions, connected, yet shut ofE from each other—the 
engine-room, the dairy, with an upper story, and the weighing 
and milk delivery compartment, out of which doors open into 
the store-room and dairy. The advantages of this arrangement 
are obvious. The new milk is received, and the separated 
milk despatched without the persons engaged in that work 
having to enter the dairy at all. Each‘churn’ of milk as it 
is brought in is placed upon the machine, which weighs it, 
and prints the weight upon a slip of paper. It then elevates 
the churn and empties it into a cistern upon the upper floor, 
whence the milk passes through a pipe to the dairy and into a 
Victoria sepirator, driven by steam. The cream runs into 
receivers, and the separated milk is driven upwards to a 
refrigerator, and flows thence, cooled, into another cistern, 
whence it is drawn into the weighing room and taken away. 
The huge barrel churn is also driven by the engine, as is the 
large circular Norwegian butter worker, and as the butter is 
made up into pounds it is placed upon small slates, each holding 
15 lbs., and taken to the store-room, where there are iron raciss 
around the sides to receive the slates. A Victoria milk-tester, 
by an arrangement of multiplying wheels, causes a holder con¬ 
taining a few small bottles of milk to revolve with such rapidity 
that the cream rises to the upper end of the bottles, and then 
the quality of the milk is seen at a glance. Access to the 
engine-room is had only by an outer door, so that all risk 
of steam or dust in the dairy is avoided. The dairy utensils 
are cleaned by being inverted over a steam-pipe in the engine- 
room. The butter made is most excellent, and it commands 
ready sale at Is. 5d. per lb. retail, and Is. 4d. wholesale. It 
should be mentioned that in the conversion of the building into 
a dairy, especial care was taken to make only perfect surface 
drains. The whole of the work was done, and the working plant 
purchased for the very moderate sum of £600.” 
To this we may add that the store-room has a surfacing of 
glazed tiles for perfect cleanliness, and the prevention of taint 
which is so frequently imputed by porous substances. There 
is not a milk-pan in the factory, the milk be’ng separated as it 
is received, so that much less space is required as well as less^ 
labour than in the old-fashioned dairy with its milk pans and 
cream s'dmmer. The surroundings of the factory should also 
have attention so as to avoid any risk of taint, and the separated 
milk should be consumed by pigs kept for the same reason at a 
safe distance from the factory. With an elevated site, fixing 
a pipe for the passage of separated milk to the piggeries is easy 
enough. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Happy is the farmer who saved his hay in June ; the showers which 
have fallen since then have brought to him a rich reward in an abundans 
aftermath, upon which cows and cattle thrive. There is a resultant full 
yield of rich milk, and a laying on of flesh, which points to a profitable 
sale of fat beasts off pasture in the autumn. The only objectionable 
feature is the irritation from flies, which continues throughout the long hot 
summer days, in a manner that cannot be realised without close observa¬ 
tion, The most casual observer must see the maddened beasts rushing 
about in vain efforts to shake off the clinging gad flies, but closer 
inspection shows whole clouds of flies, preventing anything approaching 
to rest, or that quietness which is so necessary to the well-doing of both 
cows and fattening beasts. The effect upon cows so exposed is a serious 
decline in the milk yield, and upon cattle a positive loss of conditior?.. 
Very much of this harm is avoided by keeping them in a covered yard 
during the heat of the day, and giving them enough green food and 
water to keep them content^ and quiet. 
Calves should also have equal care, and as autumn draws nigh they 
should be withdrawn from damp low-lying meadows, and kept from 
exposure to heavy rain. It is because they are not so cared for that 
serious losses among them are so common. Hoose and black-leg carry 
off thousands of such young stock every year. Very much of this evil 
may certainly be regarded as preventible loss. Mark the term as another 
proof that prevention is better than cure. 
Why not try ensilage 1 To go trying to make hay while it rains 
more or less daily is to spend time, strength, and money in trying to 
get inferior hay into stack. If, on the contrary, we turn to ensilage, 
there is no loss of quality ; we have simply to mow the grass, cart 
it at once, whether wet or dry, make a heap like a manure mixen, so 
as to be able to cart upon it, as well as press it down with a heavy 
roller, making the heap first of all 4 or 5 feet high, then waiting a few 
days for it to settle, then adding another similar layer and to on. There 
is nothing more simple, nothing more sure. It is an embodiment of true 
economy, enables us to get the grass off the land quickly, and to make 
provision of a store of rich, wholesome food for winter. 
MBTEOROLOGHCAL OBSERVATIONS. 
OAMDEX SQUARS, LOXDOX. 
Lat.51O32'40''N.; Loq?. 0° 8'0" W.: Altitii.ie. Ill 
Date. 
9 A.M. 
In tub Day. 
d 
1 
1894. 
July. 
1 Barometer 
1 at 32°, and 
1 Sea Level. 
Hygrometer. 
Direc¬ 
tion of 
Wind. 
Temp, 
of soil 
at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
Sun. 
On 
Orass. 
Inchs. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
dear. 
deg. 
Inchs. 
Sunday ., 
32 
29-910 
61-9 
57-4 
N.W. 
60-5 
70-4 
52-6 
111-8 
48 8 
0-242 
Monday .. 
23 
29-775 
60-6 
58 7 
N. 
60-9 
62-7 
56-9 
78-1 
56-4 
0033'' 
Tuesday .. 
24 
29-991 
60 9 
59-1 
N. 
60-1 
74-3 
57-1 
106 9 
57-3 
0-20-2 
Wednesday 
25 
29-980 
66-7 
62-2 
S. 
60-9 
76-7 
61-1 
119-7 
60-7 
— 
Thursday.. 
23 
29-924 
65-1 
60-0 
S. 
61 1 
73-7 
54-9 
118-4 
50-1 
— 
Friday 
27 
29-978 
63-1 
59-4 
Calm. 
61-3 
75-9 
54-8 
a 1-9 
506 
— 
Saturday ., 
28 
80-103 
68-4 
61-6 
N.E. 
61-1 
76-0 
52-7 
118 8 
47 4 
— 
29-952 
63-8 
59-8 
60-8 
73-1 
55-7 
109-4 
53-0 
0-477 
REMARKS. 
22nd.—Fine sunny morning; overcast afternoon and evening; rain at night. 
23rd.—Rain from 2 a.m. to 4 a.M. ; overcast and damp till 11 am.; fair but sunless tin 
4.3 ' P.M., then raining till 7 P.M. 
24th.—Overcast and humid morning; a gleam of sun at 1 P.M.; gloomy afternoon'; 
spots of rain in evening, and heavy rain from 9.45 p.v. to 11.30 p m. 
25th.—Gloomy early, but frequently sunny after 9 A.M., and generally bright in, 
afternoon ; spots of rain at 3.30 p.M. 
26th.—Bright early, and alternate cloud and sunshine after; shower at 10.50 A.M. 
27th.—Fine throughout, and generally bright. 
28i.h.—Bright sunshine throughout. 
Rather a dull week, with however four practically rainless days. Temperatusae 
rather higher.—G. J. Symons. 
