2C,2 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
Septimbcr 13,183J 
neither be helped in the right way, nor will they help them¬ 
selves. We have told in a former article how a Midland 
landlord went to Denmark, inspected the dairy farming, was 
convinced of the value of the factory system, and on his return 
offered to build a factory for his tenants, but they would have 
none of it. They continue to sell their milk, to be easy-going, 
to grumble, and to ask for abatement at the rent audit, or a 
permanent reduction of rent. 
The retailer of milk continues to beat down their price, to 
keep up his own, to keep his own counsel; but he certainly must 
indulge in a quiet chuckle occasionally at the folly which thus 
plays into his hands, and which renders the retail milk trade one 
of the most profitable business concerns of tlie day. Under the 
depression a cry for State aid has been rai-td repeatedly by 
agricultural chambers ani kindred associations. If State aid 
could be accorded in such a manner as to protect the farmer 
against himself, and to induce him to adopt the factory system 
under skilful supervision, it would indeed be a step towards 
renewed prosperity. 
The Danish Factory Association, we are told, arranges for 
the purchase of suitable food stuffs, and at all times the manager 
or one of the du-ectors miy inspect the feeding houses and 
dairies, so that, if the credit of the factory to which a farmer 
belongs is not a sufficient inducement to make him careful to 
produce the best milk he can, he is always under the inspection 
of the directors, and if found to be often an offender he can be 
expelled from the Association. 
There are in Denmark both factories owned by companies 
and those owned by the farmers themselves by combination, 
very much on the same lines as the flourishing co-operative 
factories in the south of Ireland. One of them visited by Mr. 
Dunstan at Hinge dealt with the milk of 500 cows, the property 
of 225 farmers, members of the Co operative Association. There 
was nothing novel in the arrangements or implements, but it is 
claimed that the advantage of the Danish separator is that 
it can be controlled when running; it lifts the skim milk 
to a considerable height, facilitating its delivery into the 
trough for its reception; it can also be fitted with a Fjord’s 
centrifugal testing apparatus for the determination of cream 
in milk. 
The health of the cows is looked after so closely by the 
Association's veterinary surgeon that there is no possibility of 
milk from animals suffering from tirberculosis being used. This 
is to the advantage of all concerned—the consumer has pure 
milk, the farmer suffers no loss. He is obliged to give notice to 
the Association of any outbreak of disease; the milk from the 
afflicted animal is received by the Association, paid for at full 
mai’ket price, and is not used for human food. The animal is 
isolated; if the disease proves incui'able it is slaughtered, com¬ 
pensation being paid to the farmer for his loss. Equally just 
and sensible is the treatment of employes of the Association 
who may be attacked by infectious disease. They, with their 
families, are stnt to a sanatorium, have full pay, and are kept 
there till quite free from infection. 
The system of purifying milk described is worthy of special 
attention It is filtered when received through sand, and the 
amount of filth which accumulates in the filters from milk with 
which the utmost precaution has previously been taken is said 
to be astonishing. Thus is pure milk guaranteed—and it is this 
thoroughness, this close attention to every detail of manufacture 
and of selling that has given its prominence to Danish butter. 
“ We send directly to Denmark for our butter, and delicious 
butter it is,” said the agent of a large Midland provision firm to us 
recently. Yet in his county and adjoining counties so-called 
dairy farmers are numerous enough, but they are beaten by the 
foreigner because of their incompetence, want of enterprise, 
and conceit. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Since writing our last note corn ricks have been built, bare itubble^ 
are visible everjiwhere, and what is more to the purpote even, is the 
commencement of autumn tillage in good earnest. Under present and. 
prospective prices it is better to clean the land for spring corn than for 
sowing Wheat. It is only under exceptionally favourable conditions of 
soil, local demand for straw, and freedom to sell it, that Wheat can now 
be made to answer. Failing a prospect, or promise of possible profit,, 
every farmer should now well consider every point bearing on the 
matter before deciding to sow any Wheat at all. There was a time when 
the possibility of Wheat falling to £1 a quarter was discussed, and very 
generally scouted as ridiculous. It has now fallen below that price, and' 
its tendency is still downwards. Wheat for flour there always must be, 
but its cultivation for that purpose in Great Britain has become 
absolutely ruinous. From the colony of Victoria in Australia comes an. 
interesting statement of an experiment in feeding pigs with crushed 
Wheat. For this experiment 170 pigs were purchased at 13s. GJ. each* 
They had crushed Wheat charged at the rate of Is. 6J, per bushel, some 
of the Wheat husks termed cavings, and a run in a 10-acre field. All 
expenses were charged, including freight to Melbourne, attendance, and 
losses. They were sold for 3d. a pound, and the profit was £12 8s. lid. 
Even at this price, if 2s. a bushel had been charged for the Wheat, which 
is 16s. per quarter, there would still have been a good profit, which in 
this country would have been greater because of the higher price which 
the pigs would realise. 
Where Wheat straw must be had, while we hear of prices for new 
Wheat ranging from 18s. down to 14s. per quarter, its use for feeding 
live stock would certainly appear preferable to grinding for flour* 
Therefore this autumn increase the area of your Winter Oats, but 
curtail that intended for Wheat. 
Crushed corn may now be given out on pasture to bullocks to 
finish them for the butcher. Herbage is abundant on pastures, but if 
we would avoid having fattening beasts in yards, it is well now to 
force them a bit by pan feeding, as so mucn good may be done during 
the next three or four weeks in this way. 
OUR LETTER BOX. 
Potting- Butter {Enquirflr ').—For potted butter io keep well it 
must be made well. The chief poin-s are cream well ripened, the churn 
carefully ventilated, the churn lid washed with cold w-ater as soon as 
the butter begins to break. The buttermilk drawn off W'hen the butter 
grains are of the size of small shot. The butter so thoroughly washed 
in the churn that the last water runs out quite clear, three or four 
waters may be necessary. Brining in the churn with strong brine, 
2 lbs. of salt to a gallon of water, poured in through a muslin sieve or 
bag, and left in twenty minutes. Removal from the churn with a scoop- 
on to the butter-woiker, pressing—not rubbing—with the grooved roller 
till all the moisture is out of it. There must be no touching with the 
hands. Then put the butter in glassed pots or jars, having close-fitting 
lids or any reliable contrivance for the exclusion of the air. If the 
buttermilk is quite w’ashed out the butter keeps sweet for use in the 
winter, but if any buttermilk is left among the butter grains the butter 
becomes rancid and unfit for use. We will give some geneial hints for 
cheese-making shortly. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Oamdex Squaub, Loxdox. 
Lat.51°32'40’'N.; Lai'. 0° 8/0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet 
Gate. 
9 A.-M. 
In the Day. 
a 
*S 
tf 
1894. 
September. 
-M a? 
^ > 
o c-A 
v- M c: 
C3 CC/} 
Hygrometer. 
Direc- 
tiou of 
Wind. 
Temp, 
of soil 
at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
Sun. 
On 
Grass. 
luchs. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg 
detr. 
deg. 
lucbs. 
Sunday .. 2 
3J-114 
67 0 
55-1 
N. 
59-8 
68 2 
49-2 
97-4 
42-9 
— 
Monday .. 3 
29-918 
53 7 
51-7 
N.E. 
59-6 
57-1 
52-6 
98-1 
48-0 
0-129' 
Tuesday .. 4 
39-061 
56-8 
50 9 
N. 
57-6 
64-4 
42-6 
li3-6 
35-9 
0-042 
Wednesday 5 
30-083 
5-2-3 
48-7 
N. 
56 9 
63-3 
39-8 
109 1 
34-1 
— 
Thursday.. 6 
30- 77 
52-7 
49-1 
N. 
56-1 
59 9 
41-7 
107 8 
34 7 
0-1-4 
Friday .. 7 
30-1-21 
5-2-1 
49 0 
N.W. 
55 1 
6p9 
42-6 
84-7 
35-9 
0-271 
Saturday .. 8 
29 838 
6u-9 
49-2 
N. 
55-0 
60-4 
4t)-4 
107-4 
39-2 
— 
3U-0o0 
5a-0 
505 
57-2 
62-0 
450 
02-6 
38 7 
0-156. 
REMARKS. 
2n(l.—Misty early, bright sunshine till about 4 r.M. ; hazy later, and cloudy evening. 
3rd.—Overcast and dull all day with frequent drizzle and rain from 11.30 A.u. to 1 
4th.—Generally bright and sunny till 4 I’.M.; rain at 6 P.M., and overcast evening. 
5th.—Sunny till 1.30 P.M.; spots of rain at 2 p m., and generally over.ast in afternoon- 
and evening. 
6th.—Occasional sun early ; cloudy morning; rain from 0.20 P.M. to 3.3) P.M.; sunshine- 
at times later , fine uigtl. 
7th.—Cloudy day, with occasional gleams of sunshine. 
8th.—Steady heavy rain from 1.30 A.M. to 8 A.M.; bright sunshine from 10 A.M. ta 
3 P.M.; cloudy eveniag. 
A variable and cold week; frequent showers, but a good deal of sunshine. Teni-. 
perature b° below that tf the piectdiug week, and about t° below the average.— 
G. J. SVMOKS. 
