November 15 1894. 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
4G1 
therefore caunot ^ive you the desired information. They are certainly 
not the only preparations that will destroy insects without injuring 
trees, and we should doubt if they would kill every kind of insect by 
spraying either now or in the spring. 
Caterpillars in Chrysantliemum Flowers B. H .).—The 
caterpillars are those of the great yellow underwing moth (Noctua or 
Tryphmna pronuba), the brownish one being nearly full rrown, the 
next in size just about to pass from the sickly green to the dull brown, 
variegated with rosy brown colour, and the least in size is only a few 
days from the egg and feeds day and night. We can only advise the 
remedy of hand-picking, looking over the flowers carefully in which they 
will be found coiled up by day. The caterpillars not only eat the 
blooms but the leaves of the plants, and sometimes hide in the ground 
as well as in the flowers, in fact they do that before the blooms 
commence expanding. 
Fairy Rings (T’. G .).—The following extract from an essay 
written by an authority some years ago, with the accompanying illus¬ 
tration (fig. 70), will answer your question :—“ Several persons have 
written to me of late to ask what my ‘theory’ and what my 
‘hypothesis’ is as to fairy rings. My reply has every time been 
FIG. 70. —FAIRY RINGS. 
that I have no ‘theory’ or ‘hypothesis’ either, for the facts are so 
perfectly well known that they do away with any necessity for a 
‘ theory.’ Many fungi have a great tendency to grow in circles. The 
spawn from which fungi spring commonly starts from a spot made up 
of germinating spores. This spot becomes a centre from which the 
spawn extends outwards in every direction ; a crop of fungi appears 
on the outer circular line of spawn.” The ground is partly shown in 
section, A, centre, where the original fungus has decayed, and whence 
springs the underground spawn B. B, of the fungus (Marasmius 
oreades), which gives rise to the fairy ring. 
Begonia and IMCarguerlte (ZZettri).—1, The Begonia appears to 
be B. incarnata metallica, which succeeds in an intermediate or cool stove 
house, and req uires to be kept rather dry during the winter. It is, how- 
‘ever, impossible to identify the variety definitely from a dried spray. 
2, Marguerites are easily propagated by cuttings, inserting the young 
growing shoots, about 3 inches long, half their length in sandy soil, and 
placing i n a house where there is a gentle heat, keeping moist and 
shaded from bright sun. They will soon root and can then be hardened 
off and potted singly. The “ maggot ” in the leaf is diflScult to get rid 
of in bad cases, such as yours appears to be, as the fly keeps on breeding 
throughout the year. Keraove the worst infested leaves and burn them, 
and squeeze the others (where the maggots are in the leaves) between 
the finger and thumb. There are, however, abundance of pupae, and no 
doubt flies, so it will take some time to effect a clearance. 
M’ames ot Fruits. — Notice. — We have pleasure in naming good 
typical fruits (when the names are discoverable) for the convenience of 
regular subscribers, who are the growers of such fruit, and not col¬ 
lectors of specimens from non-subscribers. This latter procedure is 
wholly irregular, and we trust that none of our readers will allow 
themselves to be made the mediums in infringing our rules. Special 
attention is directed to the following decision, the object of which is 
to discourage the growth of inferior and promote the culture of superior 
varieties. In consequence of the large number of worthless A fpies and, 
Pears sent to this office to be named, it has been decided to name only 
specimens and varieties of approved merit, and to reject the inferior, 
which are not worth sending or growing. The names and addresses of 
senders of fruit to be named must in all cases be enclosed with the 
specimens, whether letters referring to the fruit are sent by post or 
not. The names are not necessarily required for publication, initials 
sufficing for that. Only six specimens can be named at once, and any 
beyond that number cannot be preserved. They should be sent on the 
iirst indication of change towards ripening. Dessert Pears cannot be 
named in a hard green state. (5.).—A continental variety of handsome 
appearance, but very poor flavour. Cut down the tree, and graft with 
a good variety. {W. M. M.). — 1, Too advanced in decay, possibly 
Souvenir du Congres ; 2, Bergamotte Bufo; 3, too hard, (W. N .').— 
We are sorry to say that the numbers had attached to the fruits were in 
the bottom of the box, having been rubbed off in transit. (4. B.). — 
1 , Baronne de Mello ; 2, hard ; i. Autumn Pearmain ; 5, Old Nonpareil. 
(6*. W. IF.). —1, Napoleon; 2, Beurr^ Diel; 3, not known, inferior; 
4, possibly Beurro Hardy. The Apples are probably local seedlings, 
though No. 5 somewhat resembles Autumn Pearmain. (C. Rose Peach), 
—1, 2, and 4, unripe; 3, Josephine de Malines ; 5, Marie Louise ; 6, 
Aston Town. 
TTames of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm 
boxes. Slightly damp moss, soft green grass, or leaves form the best 
packing, dry wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named 
at once, and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
(ZZ. P.). —Chrysanthemums are florists’ flowers, which we do not name 
See rule above relating to that fact. (6*. t'.). —1, Adiantum gracil- 
limum ; 2, A. cuneatum ; 3, Lomaria gibba. (X H. Z .).—Berberis 
Darwini. (^Yorhs). — Skimmia japonica. (^Suburban). — 1, Kalmia 
latifolia ; 2, Jasminum nudiflorum. 
OOVBNT GAKDEN MARKET.— November 14th. 
M.A-RKET quiet. 
8 . 
Apples, per half sieve .. 1 
„ Nova Scotia, per 
barrel.10 
Grapes, per lb.0 
Cobs, per lOO lbs.22 
FRUIT. 
d. s. d. 
G to I 6 
0 15 0 
6 16 
6 25 0 
Lemons, case .. ., 
Peaches, per doz. 
Plums, half sieve 
St. Michael Pines, each 
Strawberries per lb. .. 
s. d. B. d, 
10 0tol5 0 
0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 
2 0 6 0 
0 0 0 0 
VEGETABLES. 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. .. 
8 . 
0 
d. 
6 
. 8 . 
to 0 
d. 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen . 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Carrots, bunch . 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Cauliflowers, dozen . . .. 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Celery, bundle . 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Ooleworts, dozen bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Cucumbers, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
2 
6 
Endive, dozen .. 
1 
3 
1 
6 
Herbs, bunch . 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Leeks, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Lettuce, dozen . 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet .. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Mustard and Cress, punnet 
s. 
0 
d. 
2 to 
8 . 
0 
d. 
0 
Onions, bushel. 
3 
t 
4 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches ,. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Parsnips, dozen. 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
1 
0 
0 
6 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
5 
Scorzonera, bundle .. .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushei. 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Tomatoes .per lb. 
0 
2 
0 
6 
Turnips, bunch. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
Asparagus Fern, per bunch 
Bouvardias, bunch .. .. 
Carnations, 12 blooms .. 
Chrysanthemums,doz.bchs. 
„ doz. blooms 
Eucharis, dozen. 
Gardenias, per dozen 
Geranium, scarlet, doz. 
bunches. 
Gladiolus, dozen sprays .. 
Lilac (French) per bunch 
Lilium longiflorum, per 
dozen . 
Marguerites, 12 bunches .. 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
bunches . 
Mignonette, 12 bunches .. 
Orchids, per dozen blooms 
Pelargoniums, 12 bunches 
Primula (double), dozen 
sprays . 
PRICES.- 
CUT FLOWERS.—Orchid Blooms 
in variety 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
3 
0 
to 4 
0 
Pyrethrum, dozen bunches 
2 
0 to 
4 
0 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Roses (indoor), dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
0 
6 
1 
0 
„ (outdoor), doz. bnchs. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
1 
6 
3 
0 
„ Tea, white, dozen 
0 
6 
2 
0 
3 
0 
9 
0 
„ Yellow, dozen .. .. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
1 
0 
3 
0 
„ Safrano (Buglish),doz. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
., Marechal Niel, doz... 
3 
0 
6 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ (French), ye.low, doz. 
blooms. 
1 
6 
0 
4 
0 
6 
0 
„ (French), Red, dozen 
2 
0 
4 
0 
blooms . 
2 
0 
2 
6 
3 
6 
5 
0 
Smilax, per bunch 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Stephanotis, dozen sprays 
4 
0 
6 
0 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Tuberoses. 12 blooms.. 
0 
4 
0 
6 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Violets (English), dozen 
bunches. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Violets (French), Parme, 
2 
6 
4 
0 
per bunch . 
2 
6 
3 
0 
1 
6 
12 
0 
Violets (French), Czar, per 
6 
0 
9 
0 
bunch . 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Violets (French), Victoria, 
0 
6 
1 
0 
dozen bunches. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
8 . 
Arbor Vitse (golden) dozen 6 
Aspidistra, per dozen .. 18 
Aspidistra, specimen plant 5 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 3 
,, large, per doz. 9 
Cyclamen, per dozen .. 9 
Dracaena, various, dozen .. 18 
Dracaena viridis, dozen .. 9 
Erica, per dozen .. .. 9 
Euonymus, var., dozen .. 6 
Evergreens, in var., per 
dozen.8 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
0 to 12 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0 
36 
0 
(small) per hundred 
4 
0 
10 
6 
Ficus elastica, each .. 
1 
0 
6 
0 
Foliage plants, var., each 
2 
0 
18 
0 
Lycopodiums, per dozen .. 
3 
0 
12 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen , • 
6 
0 
42 
0 
Mignonette, per doz. 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Myrtles, dozen . 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Palms, in var.. each .. .. 
1 
0 
18 
0 
„ (specimens) .. .. 
21 
Primulas, per dozen .. .. 
4 
0 
24 
0 
Solanums, per dozen ., ., 
10 
d. 8. d. 
0tol8 0 
0 6 0 
0 7 0 
0 10 0 
0 4 0 
0 12 0 
0 0 0 
0 9 0 
0 15 0 
0 63 0 
0 6 0 
0 12 0 
ROUGH PASTURE. 
Since writing the last article on this important subject we 
have surveyed for purchase a Leicestershire estate, of which 
the farms are almost entirely in permanent pasture ; we have 
also made an inspection of some young pasture on a Stafford¬ 
shire farm, and have been consulted about reclaiming some 
neglected pasture in Derbyshire. Each case served to strengthen 
