Chap, X. 
EEODUCTS OF SOIL-™TKIBUTE. 
197 
with the Makololo to whom I refer. The younger Makololo, 
who have been accustomed from their infancy to lord it over the 
conquered Makalaka, have unfortunately no desire to imitate 
the agricultural tastes of their fathers, and expect their subjects 
to perform all the manual labour. They are the aristocracy of 
the country, and once possessed almost unlimited power over 
their vassals. Their privileges were, however, much abridged by 
Sebituane himself. 
I have already mentioned that the tribes which Sebituane 
subjected in this great country, pass by the general name of 
Makalaka. The Makololo were composed of a great number of 
other tribes, as well as of these central negroes. The nucleus of 
the whole were Basuto, who came with Sebituane jfrom a com¬ 
paratively cold and hilly region in the south. When he con¬ 
quered various tribes of the Bechuanas, as Bakwains, Bangwa- 
ketze, Bamangwato, Batauana, &c., he incorporated the young 
of these tribes into his own. Great mortalfty by fever having 
taken place in the original stock, he wisely adopted the same 
plan of absorption on a large scale with the Makalaka. So we 
found him with even the sons of the cliiefs of the Barotse closely 
attached to his person; and they say to this day, if anything 
else but natural death had assailed their father, every one of 
them would have laid down Ins life in his defence. One reason 
for their strong affection was their emancipation by the decree 
of Sebituane, “ all are children of the chief.” 
The Makalaka cultivate the Holeus sorghum, or dura, as the 
principal grain, with maize, two kinds of beans, gTOund-nuts 
{Arachis hypogoea), pumpkins, water-melons, and cucumbers. 
They depend for success entirely upon rain. Those who live in 
the Barotse valley cultivate in addition the sugar-cane, sweet- 
potato, and manioc (Jatropha manihot). The climate there, how¬ 
ever, is warmer than at Linyanti, and the Makalaka increase the 
fertility of their gardens by rude attempts at artificial irrigation. 
The instrument of culture over all this region is a hoe, the 
iron of which the Batoka and Banyeti obtain from the ore by 
smelting. The amount of iron which they produce annually 
may be understood, when it is known that most of the hoes in 
use at Linyanti are the tribute imposed on the smiths of those 
subject tribes. 
Sekeletu receives tribute from a gveat number of tribes in 
