MOTOR CORTEX AXD IXTERNAL CAPSULE IX AN OR4NG-OUTANG. 141 
Pronation at square No. 29. 
Ulnar add action at square No. 30. 
See also Table of “ Marches,” and fig. 20, Plate 19. 
(21) Movements oj the Elhoiv. —The elbow we only saw move at one spot, viz., on 
exciting square No. 31, i.e., next above and behind the wrist and fingers. The move¬ 
ment was flexion, and of primary character, no other segment being affected or 
associated with it, and the representation, though limited in area, was thus of a very 
high order (seep. 152). See fig. 21, Plate 19. 
(22) Movements of the Shoulder. —In accordance with what has just been said 
about the subordination of thfj elbow and wrist to the shoulder and digits, it is 
evident why the shoulder should be represented at so many squares as we found it to 
be, viz., at Nos. 32, 33, 42, 43, 34, 44, 45, 46, 47. 
It was represented around and below the hinder end of the superior frontal sulcus, 
see fig. 22, Plate 20, as in the Bonnet Monkey, while, owing to the special configura¬ 
tion of the sulci in the Orang, the representation shaded off at squares Nos. 46 and 47, 
into the area for the lower limb. In character the movement was always adduction, 
and was never associated with that of any other segment. 
Movements of the Loiver Limb. —Probably, in all the higher animals the representa¬ 
tion of the lower limb is less integrated than that of the upper limb, but it 
was especially necessary to see what was the condition in an anthropoid like the 
Orang, whose customary vertical posture places it in an intermediate position between 
the Macaccjues and Man. 
In the Bonnet Monkey, the lower limb area extends over the hinder third of the 
superior frontal gyrus, into the paracentral lobule on the mesial surface and backward 
into the ascending frontal convolution and superior parietal lobule, i.e., the upper 
end of the ascending parietal gyrus. 
In the Orang we found that, except with currents of such intensity (7 cms.) that 
obvious escape resulted, no movement was obtained on exciting the upper third of the 
ascending parietal gyi'us. It is, however, of noteworthy interest that what we 
regarded as the effect of escape consisted only in extension and flexion of the hallux, 
viz., at squares 139, 140, 141, and this occurred between the postcentral sulcus and 
the Fissure of Bolando. Consecpiently, the representation of the lower limb in this 
anthropoid was confined to the part in front of the Fissure of Rolando (extending 
also over the mesial margin into the paracentral lohule'") ; and we shall now consider 
this region in detail, under the headings of the segments of the limb. 
(23) Movements of the ILdliix. —Omitting the squares 139, 140, and 141 just 
referred to, we obtained movements of the hallux at squares 56, 63, 64, 69, 76, 
77, 78. See fig. 23, Plate 20. 
Of these, the hallux moved primarily at 56 (where it was associated with movement 
* See “Marches” and Right Hemisphere, p. 143. 
