MOTOR CORTEX AND INTERNAL CAPSULE IN AN ORANG-OUTANG. 153 
touches, and the fingers being extended and separated. Above this centre were the 
shoulder and elbow centres and below, the face centre.” 
After Dr. Keen had excised the focal representation of the wrist thus ascertained, 
he again excited the cortical surface above and below the point of removal and observed 
movement as follows :—“ At the remaining part of the convolution at the upper 
margin of the excised portion, movements of the left elbow (flexion and extension) and 
shoulder, especially of the latter, winch was raised and abducted, were noticed. 
Touching the part of this convolution remaining at the lower border of the excised 
portion produced an upward movement of the whole left face, no one muscle being- 
noticeable in isolated conti-action. The platysma was not contracted nor was the 
ano'le of the mouth drawn downwards. Touchinj; the white matter at the bottom of 
the excision, produced again movements of the hand. . . .” 
Immediately after the operation, the left hand was found to be paralysed as to all 
movements both of fingers and wrist. The elbow was parotic, the shoulder and face 
perfectly unaffected. 
Dr. Keen’s careful observation seems to us to bear out what we have said above as 
to the nature of localisation in the highest animals, including Man, and the more so 
since, although the current employed was evidently so very strong, it only produced 
movement of one or, at the most, two segments at each spot. 
III. In June, 1888 , Dr. Lloyd and Dr. Deaver similarly explored'’^ (under 
anmsthesia with ether preceded by chloroform and morp.hia ^ gr.), tlie region of the 
middle of the Fissure of Lolando with a faradic current (strength mfl given). Dr. 
Lloyd observed numerous and complex movements of the opposite upper limb and 
face. As he says {loc. cit.) “the exact muscular movements which occur in the fit.’’ 
Reference to his description makes it probable that he elicited epileptiform 
spasms. Of immediate interest to us is his summary of the eflects observed, as 
follows : — “I observed, especially in making these applications of faradism to the cortex, 
that considerable areas of it did not appear excitable at all to the strength of current 
employed, at least did not give muscular response anywhere, while the two compara¬ 
tively narrow points above-mentioned reproduced almost exactly the muscular 
contractions of the epileptic seizures, and seemed to stand for more ‘ centres ’ than 
the diagrams of those who have experimented would allow to any such narrow areas.” 
IV. In a fourth caset published by Dr. Nancrede, wIjo operated for the I'ellef of 
focal epilepsy, both the high integration of i-epreseiitation and, at the same time, the 
remarkable strength of current required to evoke the same were strikingly demon¬ 
strated. Dr. Nancrede found that excitation of “ a spot in the ascending parietal 
convolution,” corresponding to the point indicated by ourselves, “i.e., in the second 
fourth from below upwards, the thumb suddenly flexed,” and an epileptic fit followed. 
And further, he found that “ the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and facial centres were 
* ‘ International Journal of Medical Science,’ November, 1888, p. 480. 
t ‘ Medical News,’ Philadelphia, 1888, p. 586. 
MDCCCXC.—B. 
X 
