1894-] 339 [Packard. 
highly specialized portion of the tongue or lingua of niandihulate 
non-suctional insects. 
The name hypopharj-nx was first proposed by Savigny^ in 
1816, who, after naming the membranous plate which has for its 
base the upper side of the pharynx, the ejnpharynx, remarks : 
"Dans quelques genres, notamment dans les Euchres, le bord 
inferieur de ce merae pharynx donne naissance a un autre appen- 
dice plus solide que le precedent, et qui s'emboite avec lui. Je 
donnerai a ce dernier le nom de langue ou d'hypopharynx. Voilii 
done la bouche des Hymenopt^res composee de quatre organ es 
irapaires, sans y comprendre la ganache ou le menton ; savoir, la 
levre superieiire, I'epipharynx, I'hypopharynx, et la I6vre inf^- 
rieure, et de deux organes paires, lesmandibules et les mdchoires." 
By far the most complete anatomical and physiological account 
of the hypopharynx of Hymenoptera is that of the worker honey 
bee by Cheshire in his valuable "Bees and Bee Keeping," 1886.'- 
He calls it tlie tongue or ligula. It is situated in a tube formed 
by the maxillae and labial palpi, and can be partially retracted 
into the mentum. He states that it can move up and down in 
the tube thus formed, and then describes it as covered by a hairy 
sheath, its great elasticity being due to a rod running through its 
center enabling it to be used as a lapping tongue. The sheath 
"passes round tbe tongue to the back, where its edges do not meet, but 
are continuous with a very thin plaited membrane (p m) covered Avith 
minute hairs. Tliis membrane, after passing towards the sides of the 
tongue, returns to the angle of the nucleus, or rod, over the under surface 
of which it is probably continued. The rod passes through the tongue 
from end to end, gradually tapering towards its extremity, and is best 
studied in the queen, wliere I trace many nerve-threads and cells. It is 
undoubtedly endowed with voluntary movement, and must be partly mus- 
cular, although I have failed completely in getting any evidence of stria- 
tiou. The rod on the under side has a gutter, or trough-like liollow (c d, 
the central duct) Avhich is formed into a pseudotube (false tube) by 
intercrossing of black hairs. It Avill also be seen that, by tlie posterior 
meeting of the sheath, the space between the folded membrane {s d) 
becomes two pseudotubes of larger size, wliich I shall call the side ducts." 
' M6moires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Part. I. M6m. 1-2. Th(?orie des 
organes de la bouche des crustac6s et des insectes. Paris, 1816, p. 12, l-'3. 
2 See also, Breithaupt, Ueber die anatomie iind die functionen der bieiieiizunye, 
1886, wliich I had not seen until thjs article was in type. It confirms and extends 
Cheshire's work. 
