1894-] 
143 
[Packard. 
maxillae, and these relations are also plainly seen, as will be 
observed in the figures which I copy from Meinert and others. 
It is to be observed that the term hypopharynx is almost uni- 
versally given to this unpaired piercing organ of the Diptern, few 
writers calling it the lingua or ligula. 
The best account of it 
up to 1881 is that of Dim- 
mock, who says : — 
"The hypopharynx is usu- 
ally present in diptera (ac- 
cording to Menzbier absent 
in Sargus), and contains a 
tube, opening by a channel 
on its upper surface; this 
channel extends back, more 
or less, from the tip, and is 
the outlet for the salivary 
secretion. The tip of the 
hypopharynx may be naked 
and used as a lance {Hdcvm- 
topota, according to Menz- 
bier), or may be hairy 
{3Iusca) . The upper side of 
the base of the hypoplia- 
rynx is continuous with the 
loAver wall of tlie pharynx; 
its under surface may en- 
tirely coalesce Mith the la- 
bium (Culex, male), may 
join the labium more or less, 
anterior to the mouth 
{3Iusca'), or, if either man- 
dibles or maxillae are present, its base may join them (Culex, female) 
(p. 43). 
Fig. 27. A portion of the same as Fig. 
2^, A, enlarged ; o, opening of the salivary 
duct (sd). — Author del.'' 
Meinert, in his detailed and elaborately illustrated work, 
^'■Trophi Dijyterorimi" (1881), has made an advance on our 
knowledge of the hy[)Opliarynx and its homologies, both by his 
evidently faithful descriptions and dissections, and by his admir- 
ably clear figures, some of the most important of which I repro- 
' Figs. 26 and 27 are drawn from a slide of a bee's tongue kindly loaned nie by Mr. 
N. N. Mason, which shows well the salivary duct and tongue, and the gustatory 
organs near the base of the latter on the paraglossae. 
