Paikurd.l 344 [M:iy2, 
Jiico. In tlie Latin theses or resume of his work, which is 
written in Danish, lie thus describes this organ and the salivary 
duct, which we translate : — 
"The hypopbarynx, a continuation of the lower edge {lamina) of the 
pharynx, most generally free, more or less produced, acute anterioi'ly, 
forms with the labrum the tube of the pump (antliae). (The hypo- 
pharynx Avhen obsolete, or coalesced with the canal of the proboscis is 
the theca; in such a case the siphon or tube is formed by the theca and 
labrum.) Meanwhile the hypopharyux, the largest of all the trophi 
(omnium trophorum maxiimts), constitutes the chief piercing organ 
(telum) of Diptei'a. The hypopharyux is moved by protractor, most 
generally quite or very powerful, and by retractor muscles." 
"The efferent duct of the tiioracic salivary glands — ductus salivalis — 
perforates the hypopharynx, more or less near the base, that the saliva 
may be ejected through the canal into the wound, or that it may be 
conducted along the labella. Very rarely the salivary duct, perforating 
the hypopharynx, is continued in the shape of a free, very slender tube." 
"The salivary duct behind the base of the hypopharynx forms the 
receptacle or receptaculum , provided with retractor and levator muscles." 
These parts are clearly shown in the accompanying figures 
copied from Meinert, and which need little explanation. ^ 
In his elaborate and beautifully illustrated work entitled 
"Fabrica oris Dii^terorum," 1883, H. J. Hansen describes and 
figures the mouth-parts of species of the families Tabanidae, 
Asilidae, Therevidae, Mydaidae, and Apiocerinae. He also 
' Meinert also describes the llgula or tongue, which, he says, "is concealed between 
the labella, and is often wanting, sometimes provided with paraglossae.'' Here it 
might be said that Meinert maintains that the first metamere of the head is divided 
into a ventral and a dorsal part. The ventral part is iha 2»'ohoscis, the labium of other 
authors. His dorsal part (of the first metamere) united with the epipharynx forms 
tlie labrum. His "second metamere" forms the entire ring of the head, and its ventral 
part bears the maxillae of other authors, which Meinert calls scalpellae. The pleurae 
of the "second metamere" bear the mandibles of other authors, the cultelli of 
Meinert. The palpi usually are appended to the ventral, rarely to the dorsal portion 
of the second metamere. He then adds: "Beliind the second metamere, tlie third 
metamere of the head, often a very small unarmed ring, is coalesced with the lamina 
cephalica," 
It is to be observed that in this otherwise very valuable and carefully prepared 
memoir the author does not seem to attempt to homologize the mandibles and maxillae 
and the palpi, with those of other insocts, nor does he appear to be guided by our 
present linowledge of the embryological development of the insect head ; and it seems 
to me that he fails to make use of modern morphological methods in dealing with the 
more general aspects of the subject of the homologies of the insect segments and their 
appendages. 
