iS94- 
345 
gives good figures illustrating the relations of the salivary duct 
and the hypopharynx to the other parts of the mouth. Pie does 
not employ Meinert's terms for the mandibles, maxillae, and max- 
illary palpi, though his figures confirm the accuracy of Meinert's 
anatomical work. 
The excellent essay of Miiggenburg on the beak of Diptera 
Pupipara gives large, clear figures of the hypopharynx, and 
confirms the general accuracy of Meinert's observations. I copy 
nix.p 
Im 
hyp - 
m'x/ 
Fig. 28. Cidex pipiens., section of head; oe, oesophagus ; sm, upper 
muscle, Im, lower muscle of the oesophagus; ph, pharynx; rm, retractor 
muscle of the receptacle (r) of the salivary duct (sd) ; Ibr, labrum ; ep, 
left style of the epipharyns ; /, part of front of head. — After Meinert. 
them, without a lengthy explanation. In Hippobosca the very 
peculiar beak is composed of the labrum, hypopharynx, and 
labium. I translate the following : — 
"The dorsally situated channel of the labrum together with the ventral 
furrow of the upper surface of the hypopharynx form the alimentary 
canal ; the salivary fluid is conducted out into tlie inner cavity of the 
hypopharynx; finally the labium encloses these parts of the beak like a 
protecting case, and so completely that only on a superficial view could 
we regard it as a beak" (p. 8). 
'■'■The hypopharynx. The middle one of the three bristles (Fig. 34, hy) 
is a very thin, long, small chitinous band, clear as glass, through the 
middle of which passes an extraordinarily fine canal, circular in cross- 
section, whose course may be externally recognized by a corresponding 
fullness of the chitine. The bristle takes its origin from the upper plate 
of the third stilet, the labium, with which it is firmly united for a short 
distance at the base, a relation which is generally characteristic of the 
hypopharynx of Diptera (Fig. 35, hy)."" 
