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(1911). 
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" Many kyndes of voyces are in the world, ande none off them without sig- 
ni6cation." — Tyxdall's transl., 1 Cor. xiv: 10. 
COLORATIOX OF OrTHOPTERA. 
Color, as used by the biologist, refers to a single hue. Rel- 
atively few animals exhibit one color only; most of them, insects 
as well as others, bear a more or less definite pattern, arrange- 
ment, or combination of colors and the entire combination is 
referred to as their coloration. 
The colors of insects are divided into three classes : 1 , structural, 
or physical, caused by reflection or refraction of light rays by the 
structure of the parts exhibiting them; 2, pigmental, or chemical, 
due to the composition of certain internal substances on which the 
color depends, termed pigments; and 3, combination, or physico- 
chemical, colors produced by a combination of both means. The 
Orthoptera present examples of all three classes of colors; their 
general coloration, however, is mainly dependent on those of the 
second and third classes. 
Structural colors are often well shown by iridescence of the 
wing-membranes in clear-winged species, notably the Acrydiinae 
(Tettiginae), some of the Melanopli, and Meadow-grasshoppers. 
They are here due to interference effects of the light rays from 
the two very thin, closely placed membranes which make up 
the wing surface. Violet, blue, silvery white, and green are 
often structural colors, but white and green pigments are also 
common. 
