302 
GEOLOGICAL CLIMATES 
radiating surface” of the planet are self sufficient satisfactorily to 
explain all variations and special developments of past geologic 
and present climates; and that all climatic phenomena come with¬ 
in reasonable explanation after the rejection of the assumption 
of solar climatic control previous to that era during which time 
control is distinctly demarkated in zones of climate, are some of 
the conclusions to be drawn. Detailed discussion of these several 
factors are recently set forth in my essay on the “Evolution of 
Clim_ates.”^ 
These conclusions seem to be so fundamentally different from 
those ’reached by others who have essayed these problems that 
they are here specifically recapitulated. 
That solar control alone prevailed during any period of geo¬ 
logical time appears untenable. The basis of this rejection is 
the complete failure of any and all attempts to fit the facts of 
geology thereto, and the contradictions and anomalies which such 
control cannot meet. This carries with it the rejection of those 
mathematical calculations limiting the time and effects of earth- 
heat influences, which are used to fortify the assumption of solar 
control. The rejection of these results carries with it the inade¬ 
quateness of the assumed factors and the omission of the larger 
and more important ones, which controlled the conservation of 
earth-heat. These calculations were made before the sources of 
heat rendered available by the exposure and transformation of 
radio-active materials were discovered. 
That this heat, conserved by a non-conducting crust, and stored 
in the oceans and liberated as a climatic factor by slow denuda¬ 
tions and exposures of radio-active materials, by faults, fractures, 
ruptures, volcanism, and other changes of its topographic forms, 
was a factor in temperature conditions until the exhaustion of 
its last effective increments from the oceans in Pleistocene time 
seems clear. 
That the supply of ocean-stored heat, replenished from time to 
time by the above processes, kept the seas warm until near the 
close of geologic climates is attested by the character and distribu¬ 
tion of fossil marine life, by the distribution of temperatures and 
of ice. They fluctuated through very moderate limits and fell 
to glacial temperatures only in Pleistocene time. 
1 E^volution of Climates, Pamphlet, 66 pp., Baltimore, 1922. 
